How “cordial” is the Brazilian People?

Calling a Brazilian a «cordial man» derives from the writer Ribeiro Couto. The expression was popularized by Dutch Sergio Buarque, in his well known book, Roots of Brazil, (Raices de Brasil, 1936), where he dedicates all of chapter V to it. To clarify, in contrast to Cassiano Ricardo, who would understand «cordiality» as goodness and delicacy, he said that «at its core, our ordinary form of social coexistence is exactly the opposite of delicacy» (from the 1989 21ª edition, page 107). Sergio Buarque understands cordiality in the strictly etymological sense: that which comes from the heart. Brazilians are ruled more by the heart than by reason. From the heart may come love or hatred. Well, says the author: «enmity can be just as cordial as friendship, because both are born in the heart» (page 107).

I write this so as to understand the «cordial» emotions that erupted in the 2014 presidential campaign. On the one hand, there were expressions, to the point of fanaticism, of enthusiasm and love for the candidates, and on the other, profound hatred, and haughty expressions by both sides of the electorate. What Buarque from Holland wrote was affirmed: the lack of delicacy in our social coexistence.

Perhaps in no previous electoral campaign were the «cordial» gestures of the Brazilians better expressed, in the sense of the love and hatred encompassed by this word. Those who followed the social networks noticed the low levels of good education, the lack of mutual respect, and even the absence of a democratic sensibility, understood as the coexistence of differences. That lack of respect also affected the debates between the candidates, broadcast on TV. For example, the fact that one of the candidates called the President of the country «a loose woman and a liar» falls within this meaning of «cordial», but it reveals a great lack of respect for the dignity of the highest office of the nation.

To better understand this «cordiality» of ours, it helps to mention two inheritances that weigh on our citizenry: colonization and slavery. Colonization produced in us a feeling of submission. It made us adopt the political structures, language, religion and customs of the Portuguese colonizer. Thus, La Casa Grande and La Senzala were created. As Gilberto Freyre showed, it is not just about external social structures. They were internalized as an insidious dualism: on one side is the master who owns and orders everything, and on the other, the servant who owns little and obeys, or as in the social hierarchy exposed by the great divide between rich and poor. That structure persists in people’s brains, and has evolved into a code for interpreting reality.

Another very perverse tradition was slavery. We must remember that there was a time, between 1817 and 1818, when more than half of Brazil was composed of slaves (50.6%). Today, nearly 60% have something of the African slave in their blood. «Patience, resignation and obedience» was the catechism priests taught the slaves; the slave owners were taught «moderation and benevolence», which, to tell the truth, was not practiced much. Slavery was internalized in the form of discrimination and prejudice against the Black, who had to always serve. To pay a salary is still understood by many as charity and not as a duty, because slaves did everything for free before, and they imagine it must continue that way. In many cases, employees, domestic workers, or ranch hands are treated in that manner.

The result of these two traditions is found in the Brazilian collective unconscious, not so much in terms of class conflict, (that also exists), but of social status conflict. It is said that Blacks are lazy, even though we know that it was the Blacks who built almost everything in our cities. People from the North are unschooled because they live in semi-arid areas with harsh environmental limitations, but they are very creative, astute, and hard working people. The main writers, poets and actors come from the North East. In today’s Brazil, it is the region with the highest economic growth, on the order of 2-3%, above the national average, but prejudice dooms them to inferiority.

All these contradictions of our «cordiality» are on display in twitter, facebook, and other social networks. We are contradictory beings.

I also add an anthropological argument to understand the emergence of the love and hatred in this electoral campaign. It is about the essential ambiguity of the human condition. Each possesses a dimension of light and darkness, sym-bolic (that unites) and dia-bolical (that divides). The moderns say that we simultaneously are demented and wise (Morin), this is, people of rationality and goodness, and simultaneously, of irrationality and evil. Christian tradition says that we are both saints and sinners. Saint Augustine expressed it well: everyone is Adam, everyone is Christ, this is, each person is full of limitations and vices, and at the same time, is a carrier of virtues and a divine dimension. This situation is not a defect but a characteristic of la condition humaine. Each must know how to balance these two forces and in the best case, to give primacy to the dimension of light over that of darkness, to that of Christ over that of old Adam.

In these months of the electoral campaign, who we are within was revealed: «cordial» in the double sense of the word: filled with rage and indignation and at the same time with positive exaltation and serious and self controlled militancy. We must neither laugh nor cry, but try to understand. But to understand is not enough; it is urgent to seek civilized forms of «cordiality» where the will of cooperation for the common good predominates, the legitimate space for a serious opposition is respected and the different political options are welcomed. Brazil needs to unite so that together we confront the grave internal and external problems (wars of great devastation and the grave crisis of the Earth-system and of the life-system), in a project assumed by all, so that what Ignacy Sachs said of Brazil, «The Land of Good Hope», may become true.

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Se conhecéssemos os sonhos do homem branco…

A crise econômico-financeira que está afligindo grande parte das econonomias mundiais criou a possibilidade de os muito ricos ficarem tão ricos como jamais na história do capitalismo, logicamente à custa da desgraça de países inteiros como a Grécia, a Espanha e outros e de modo geral toda a zona do Euro, talvez com uma pequena exceção, da Alemanha. Ladislau Dowbor ( http://dowbor.org)., professor de economia da PUC-SP resumiu um estudo do famoso Instituto Federal Suiço de Pesquisa Tecnológica (ETH) que por credibilidade concorre com as pesquisas do MIT de Harvard. Neste estudo se mostra como funciona a rede do poder corporativo mundial, constituída por 737 atores principais que controlam os principais fluxos financeiros do mundo, especialmente, ligados aos grandes bancos e outras imensas corporações multinacionais. Para esses, a atual crise é uma incomparável oportunidade de realizaram o sonho maior do capital: acumular de forma cada vez maior e de maneira concentrada.

O capitalismo realizou agora o seu sonho possivelmente o derradeiro de sua já longa história. Atingiu o teto extremo. E depois do teto? Ninguém sabe. Mas podemos imaginar que a resposta nos virá não de outros modelos de produção e consumo mas da própria Mãe Terra, de Gaia, que, finita, não suporta mais um sonho infinito. Ela está dando claros sinais antecipatórios, que no dizer do prêmio Nobel de medicina Christian de Duve (veja o livro Poeira Vital: a vida com imperativo cósmico, 1997) são semelhantes àqueles que antecederam às grandes dizimações ocorridas na já longa história da vida na Terra (3,8 milhões de anos). Precisamos estar atentos, pois os eventos extremos que já vivenciamos nos apontam para eventuais catástrofes ecológico-sociais ainda na nossa geração.

O pior disso tudo que nem os políticos, nem grande parte da comunidade científica e mesma da população se dá conta dessa perigosa realidade. Ela é tergiversada ou ocultada, pois é demasiadamente anti-sistêmica. Obrigar-nos-ia a mudar, coisa que poucos almejam. Bem dizia Antonio Donato Nobre num estudo recentíssimo (2014) sobre O futuro climático da Amazônia: ”A agricultura consciente, se soubesse o que a comunidade científica sabe, (as grande secas que virão) estaria na rua, com cartazes, exigindo do governo proteção das florestas e plantando árvores em sua propriedade”.

Falta-nos um sonho maior que galvanize as pessoas para salvar a vida no Planeta e garantir o futuro da espécie humana. Morrem as ideologias. Envelhecem as filosofias. Mas os grandes sonhos permancecem. São eles que nos guiam através de novas visões e nos estimulam para gestar novas relações sociais, para com a natureza e a Mãe Terra.

Agora entendemos a pertinência das palavras do cacique pele-vermelha Seattle ao governador Stevens, do Estado de Washington em 1856, quando este forçou a venda das terras indígenas aos colonizadores europeus. O cacique não entendia por quê se pretendia comprar a terra. Pode-se comprar ou vender a aragem, o verdor das plantas, a limpidez da água cristalina e o esplendor das paisagens? Para ele, tudo isso é terra e não o solo como meio de produção.

Neste contexto reflete que os peles-vermelhas compreenderiam o o porquê e a civilização dos brancos “se conhecessem os sonhos do homem branco, se soubessem quais as esperanças que esse transmite a seus filhos e filhas nas longas noites de inversno, e quais as visões de futuro que oferece para o dia de amanhã”.
Qual é o sonho dominante de nosso paradigma civilizatório que colocou o mercado e a mercadoria como o eixo estruturador de toda a vida social? É a posse de bens materiais, a acumulação financeira maior possível e o desfrute mais intenso que pudermos de tudo o que a natureza e a cultura nos podem oferecer até à saciedade. É o triunfo do materialismo refinado que coopta até o espiritual, feito mercadoria com a enganosa literatura de auto-ajuda, cheia de mil fórmulas para sermos felizes,construída com cacos de psicologia, de nova cosmologia, de religião oriental, de mensagens cristãs e de esoterismo. É enganação para criar a ilusão da felicidade fácil.

Mesmo assim, por todas as partes surgem grupos portadores de nova reverência para com a Terra, inauguram comportamentos alternativos, elaboram novos sonhos de um acordo de amizade com a natureza e creem que o caos presente não é só caótico, mas generativo de um novo paradigma de civilização, que eu chamaria de civilização de re-ligação, sintonizada com a lei mais fundamental da vida e do universo, que é a panrelacionalidade, a sinergia e a complementariedade.

Então teríamos feito a grande travessia para o realmente humano, amigo da vida e aberto ao Mistério de todas as coisas. Ou mudamos ou seguiremos um triste caminho sem retorno.

Política y Diálogo en el contexto de la relección de Dilma Rousseff

La reelección de Dilma Rousseff propicia reflexiones sobre varias formas de hacer política de partido. Hacer política es buscar o ejercer concretamente el poder. Que quede claro lo que Max Weber escribió en su famoso texto La Política como vocación: «Quien hace política busca el poder. Poder como medio al servicio de otros fines o el poder por sí mismo, para disfrutar del prestigio que él confiere».

Este último modo de poder político ha sido ejercido durante casi todo el tiempo de nuestra historia por las élites a fin de beneficiarse de él, olvidando que el sujeto de todo poder es el pueblo. Se trata del famoso patrimonialismo tan bien denunciado por Raimundo Faoro en su clásico Los dueños del poder.
Veo cinco formas de ejercicio del poder.

Primero, la política del puño cerrado. Se trata del poder ejercido de arriba abajo y de forma autoritaria. Hay un solo proyecto político, aquel del detentador del poder que puede ser un dictador o una clase dominante. Ellos simplemente imponen el proyecto y aplastan los alternativos. Fue lo que más ha habido en la historia brasilera, especialmente bajo la dictadura militar.

Segundo, la política de la palmadita en la espalda. Es una forma disimulada de poder autoritario. Pero se diferencia de la anterior porque esta se abre a los que están fuera del poder pero para engancharlos al proyecto dominante. Obtienen algunas ventajas mientras no constituyan otro proyecto alternativo. Es la conocida política paternalista y asistencialista que desfibró la resistencia de la clase obrera y corrompió a tantos artistas e intelectuales. Funcionó entre nosotros, especialmente desde Vargas en adelante.

Tercero, la política de manos tendidas. El poder es distribuido entre varios portadores que hacen alianzas entre sí bajo la hegemonía del más fuerte. Hay alianzas entre el partido vencedor con los demás partidos aliados para garantizar la gobernabilidad. Es el presidencialismo de coalición parlamentaria. Ese tipo crea favoritismos, disputas de puestos importantes en el Estado e incluso corrupción. Fue lo que ocurrió en los últimos años.

Cuarto, la política de manos entrelazadas. Parte del hecho básico de que el poder está repartido en los movimientos e instituciones de la sociedad civil y no solo en la sociedad política, en los partidos y en el Estado. Ese poder social y político puede convergir en algo benéfico para todos. Se trata de la gran discusión actual que prevé la participación de los movimientos sociales y de los consejos para, junto con el Parlamento y el Ejecutivo, definir políticas públicas. Se busca una democracia participativa que enriquezca la representativa. Negar esta forma es no querer democratizar la democracia y permanecer en la actual, que es de baja intensidad.

Especificando: la política de las manos entrelazadas sucede cuando el jefe del Estado se propone un amplio diálogo con todos en torno a un proyecto común mínimo. El presupuesto es: por encima de las diferencias y de los intereses en conflicto, existe en la sociedad la idea de qué país queremos, la solidaridad mínima, la búsqueda del bien común, la observación de reglas consensuadas y el respeto a valores de sociabilidad sin los cuales nos volveríamos una jauría de lobos. Las manos extendidas pueden entrelazarse colectivamente. Pero para eso, se necesita ejercitar el diálogo que implica oír a todos y buscar convergencias en la línea del gana-gana y no del gana-pierde. Es la ética en la política y de la buena política verdaderamente democrática.

Finalmente tenemos la política como seducción, en el mejor sentido de la palabra, subyacente a la propuesta de la presidenta Dilma. Ella propone un diálogo abierto con todos los actores políticos, también del área popular. Urge seducir al 48% que no votó por ella para que secunden un proyecto de Brasil que beneficie a todos a partir de la inclusión de los más castigados, de la creación de un desarrollo ecológica y socialmente sostenible que genere empleos, mejores salarios, redistribución del ingreso, cree un transporte decente y más seguridad para los ciudadanos, además de cuidado hacia la naturaleza y la potenciación de un horizonte de esperanza para que el pueblo pueda reencantarse con la política.

Se necesita ser enemigo de sí mismo para estar contra tales propósitos. El arte de ese diálogo es reencantar la política de las cosas y seducir a las personas para ese sueño bienaventurado.

Para eso es obligatorio mirar hacia delante. Quien ganó las elecciones debe mostrar magnanimidad y quien las perdió, humildad y disposición de colaborar con vistas al bien común.

¿Es idealismo? Sí, pero en su sentido profundo. Una sociedad no puede vivir sólo de estructuras, burocracia y disputas ideológicas en torno del poder. Tiene que suscitar la cooperación de todos y alimentar sueños de mejoría permanente que incluyan y beneficien lo más posible a todos, para superar nuestra espantosa desigualdad social.

Razón tienen las comunidades eclesiales de base cuando cantan: «Sueño que se sueña solo es pura ilusión. Soñar que se sueña juntos es señal de solución. Entonces, vamos a soñar juntos, soñar en colaboración».

Esta es la convocación supra-partidaria que la presidenta Dilma está haciendo al Parlamento, a los movimientos populares y a toda la nación. Sólo así se vacía el discurso de las divisiones, de los prejuicios contra ciertas regiones y se sanan las llagas producidas en el ardor de la campaña electoral con todos sus excesos de una parte y otra.

Leonardo Boff es autor de Qué Brasil queremos, Vozes, Petrópolis 2000.

To understand the victory of Dilma Rousseff

In this Presidential election, Brazilian men and women confronted the Biblical scene spoken of in Psalm Number One: they had to choose between two paths: one representing success and possible happiness, and the other, error and inevitable unhappiness.

The conditions were in place for a perfect storm, with distortions and slanders spread in the mass media and social networks. One magazine in particular seriously transgressed journalistic, social and personal ethics, publishing falsehoods to undermine candidate Dilma Rousseff. Behind it all were the most backward elites, striving above all to defend their privileges, rather than to universalize personal and social rights.

Facing these adversities, President Dilma, who endured torture in the dungeons of the repressive organs of the military dictatorship, strengthened her image, grew in determination and gathered her energies to confront every attack. She portrayed herself as she is: a courageous and valiant woman. She emanates confidence, a fundamental virtue for a politician. She displays integrity, and does not tolerate things not done well. That evokes in the electorate a sentiment of “feeling firm”.

Her victory is due in large part to the militants who took to the streets and organized great demonstrations. The people showed that it has matured in its political consciousness and knew, Biblically, how to choose the path that appeared more correct, by voting for Dilma. She was victorious with more than 51% of the votes.

The people already knew the two paths. One, tried for 8 years, enabled Brazil to grow economically, but transferred the great part of the benefits to the already well off, at the expense of depressed salaries, unemployment, and poverty for the great majorities: good policies for the rich and poor ones for the poor. Brazil was turned into a minor and subordinate player in the great global project, led by the wealthy and militaristic countries. This was not the project of a sovereign country, conscious of her human, cultural and ecological wealth, and worthy of a people that is proud of its crossbreeding and richer for all its differences.

The people have also traveled another path, the correct one for possible happiness. And the people had a central role in this. With public policies focused on the humiliated and downtrodden of our history, one of its children, a survivor of the great tribulation, Luiz Ignacio Lula da Silva, managed to incorporate a population equivalent to all of Argentina into a modern society. Dilma Rousseff carried on, deepened and expanded these policies, with democratizing measures such as Pronatec, Pro-Uni, the university quotas for students from public rather than private schools; quotas for students whose grandparents came from the dungeons of slavery; and all the social programs, such as Bolsa Familia, Light for All, My House, my Life, and More Doctors, among others.

The fundamental question facing our country is being addressed: to guarantee to all, but primarily to the poor, access to the goods of life, to overcome the dreadful inequality and through educational opportunities for the young, so that they may grow, develop, and be humanized, as active citizens.

That project awakened Brazil’s sense of sovereignty, and projected it onto the world scene with an independent position, demanding a new world order, where humanity discovers itself as humans inhabiting a Common Home.

The challenge for President Dilma is not only to consolidate that which is already working and correct any defects, but to inaugurate a new cycle of the exercise of power, embracing a qualitative advance in all spheres of social life. Little will be accomplished without political reform that eliminates once and for all the bases of corruption and enables an advance in representative democracy, incorporating participatory democracy, with councils, public audiences, consultation with the social movements and the other institutions of civil society. Tax reform is also urgent, to advance equality and help diminish the abysmal social inequality. Education and health care will be at the center of the concerns of this new cycle. An ignorant and sickly people will never be able to advance towards a better life. President Dilma will be obliged to address the social imperatives regarding basic sanitation, urban mobility, with minimally dignified transportation, (85% of the population live in cities), security, and combating criminality.

In the debates she proposed a broad range of changes. Through the seriousness and sense of efficacy she always has shown, we can be sure that they will take place.

There are questions that were barely mentioned in the debates, such as the importance of modern agrarian reform, that stabilizes the peasant in the country, with all the advantages that science has to offer. It is important also to demarcate and standardize the indigenous lands, many of which are threatened by the encroachment of agro-business.

The last and perhaps the main challenge comes from the realm of ecology. The future of life and of our civilization are seriously threatened, both by the man-made death machine that could eliminate all life several times over, and by the disastrous consequences of global warming. If the warming is abrupt, as entire scientific societies warn may occur, life as we know it perhaps could not continue, and a great part of humanity would be lethally affected. Given her ecological wealth, Brazil is fundamental to the equilibrium of our tortured planet. A new Dilma administration cannot not ignore this question of life or death for our human species.

May the Spirit of Wisdom and Caring guide the difficult decisions President Dilma Rousseff must make
Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.