Is Pope Francis inaugurating the third Millennium?

The first millennium of Christianity was marked by the paradigm of community. The Churches had relative autonomy regarding their own rites: Orthodox, Coptic, Ambrosian from Milan, Mozarabic, from Spain, and others. They venerated their own martyrs and confessors and had their own theologies, as seen in the flourishing Christianity of North Africa with Saint Augustine, Saint Cyprian and the lay theologian Tertullian. Those Churches recognized each other, and even though a mostly juridical vision in Rome was already appearing, the primacy of charity predominated .

The second millennium was characterized by the paradigm of the Church as a perfect and hierarchichal society: an absolutist monarchy centered in the figure of the Pope as supreme head (cephalic), endowed with unlimited powers and, most recently, with infallibility, when he makes declarations as such in matters of faith and morality. The Pontifical State was created, with an army, a financial system and legislation that included the death penalty. A body of experts of the institution was created, the Roman Curia, responsible for the world ecclesiastical administration. This centralization produced the Romanization of all of Christianity. The evangelization of Latin America, Asia and Africa was accomplished within a process of colonial conquest of the world, and meant that the Roman model was transplanted, practically annulling the embodiment of the local cultures. The strict separation between the clergy and the lay was made official. The lay had no power of decision, (in the first millennium the lay participated in the election of bishops and even of the Pope), and were turned into childlike non-entities, in law and fact.

The palatial ways of the priests, bishops, cardinals and popes were affirmed. The titles of power of the Roman emperors, starting with those of Pope and Sumo Pontiff, were transferred to the bishop of Rome. The cardinals, princes of the Church, dressed up as the high Renaissance nobility, and so it has remained until now, scandalizing more than a few Christians, who were used to seeing Jesus of Nazareth as poor, a man of the people, persecuted, tortured and executed on the cross.

All indications are that this model of Church ended with the resignation of Benedict XVI, the last Pope from this monarchical model, in the tragic context of scandals that have touched the very heart of the credibility of the Christian message.

The election of Pope Francis, who comes «from the end of the world», as he presented himself, from the periphery of Christianity, from the Great South where 60% of Roman Catholics live, will inaugurate the ecclesiastic paradigm of the Third Millennium: the Church as a vast network of Christian communities, rooted in the various cultures, some more ancient than the Western cultures, such as the Chinese, Indian and Japanese, the tribal cultures of Africa and the communities of Latin America. It is also embodied in the modern culture of the technologically advanced countries, with a faith that is also lived out in small communities. All these incarnations have something in common: the urbanization of humanity, where more than the 80% of the population live in huge conglomerates of millions and millions of persons.

In this context, it will be impossible to talk of territorial parishes, but of neighborhood communities, of the buildings, of the streets nearby. In that Christianity, the lay will be protagonists, encouraged by priests who may or may not be married, or by women priests or women bishops, bound more by spirituality than administration. The Churches will have different faces.

The Reformation will not be restricted to the Roman curia, that is in a calamitous state, but will be extended to the entire institution of the Church. Perhaps only by convoking a new Council, with representatives from all of Christendom, will the Pope have the security and the master lines of the Church of the Third Millennium. May the Spirit not fail him.

Translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, cybermelinaalfaro@bandalibre.com,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Francisco se desnuda para cobrir la desnudez del Papa

Saben los historiadores que el Papa del tiempo de san Francisco, Inocencio III (1198-1216), llevó el papado a un apogeo y esplendor como nunca lo había habido antes ni lo habrá después. Hábil político, consiguió que todos los reyes, emperadores y señores feudales, con algunas excepciones, fuesen sus vasallos. Bajo su regencia estaban los dos poderes supremos: el Imperio y el Sacerdocio. Ser sucesor del pescador Pedro era poco para él. Se declaró «representante de Cristo», pero no del Cristo pobre, que andaba por los polvorientos caminos de Palestina, profeta peregrino, anunciador de una radical utopía, la del Reino del amor incondicional al prójimo y a Dios,  de la justicia universal, de la fraternidad sin fronteras y de la compasión sin  límites. Su Cristo era el Pantocrator, el  Señor del Universo, cabeza de la Iglesia y del Cosmos.

Esta visión exaltatoria favoreció la construcción de una Iglesia monárquica, poderosa y rica pero absolutamente secularizada, contraria a todo lo que es evangélico. Tal realidad sólo podía provocar una reacción contraria entre el pueblo. Surgieron los movimientos pauperistas, de laicos, hombres y mujeres y de laicos ricos que se hacían pobres. Predicaban por su cuenta el evangelio en la lengua popular: el evangelio de la pobreza contra el fasto de las cortes, de la sencillez radical contra la sofisticación de los palacios, la adoración al Cristo de Belén y de la Crucifixión contra la exaltación imperial de Cristo Rey todo poderoso. Eran los albigenses, los valdenses, los pobres de Lyon, los seguidores de Francisco, de Domingo y de los siete Siervos de María de Florencia, nobles que se hicieron  mendicantes.

A pesar de este fasto, Inocencio III fue sensible a Francisco y a los doce compañeros que lo visitaron, desharrapados, en su palacio de Roma, para pedirle permiso para vivir según el evangelio. Conmovido y con remordimientos, el Papa les concedió un permiso oral. Corría el año 1209. Francisco no olvidaría este gesto generoso.

Pero la historia da sus vueltas. Lo que es verdadero e imperativo, llegado su momento de maduración, se revela con una fuerza volcánica. Y se reveló en 1216 en Perugia adonde fue el Papa Inocencio III a uno de sus palacios.

Súbitamente el Papa muere después de 18 años de pontificado triunfante. Pronto se oyen los sonidos lúgubres del canto gregoriano provenientes de la catedral pontificia. Se entona el grave planctum super Innocentium («el llanto sobre Inocencio»).

Nada detiene a la muerte, señora de todas las vanidades, de toda la pompa, de toda gloria y de todo triunfo. El ataúd del Papa está frente al altar mayor cubierto oropeles, joyas, oro, plata y los signos del doble poder sagrado y secular. Cardenales, emperadores, príncipes, abades y filas sin fin de fieles se suceden en la vigilia. El obispo Jacques de Vitry, llegado de Namur y nombrado después cardenal de Frascati, es quien lo cuenta.

Es medianoche. Todos se retiran apesadumbrados. Solamente la luz vacilante de las velas encendidas proyecta fantasmas en las paredes. El Papa, en otro tiempo siempre rodeado de nobles, está ahora solo con las tinieblas. Y de pronto unos ladrones entran sigilosamente en la catedral. En pocos minutos despojan el cadáver de todas las ropas preciosas, del oro, la plata y las insignias papales.

Ahí yace un cuerpo desnudo, ya casi en descomposición. Se hace realidad lo que Inocencio III dejara registrado en un famoso texto suyo sobre «la miseria de la condición humana». Ahora ella se muestra con toda la crudeza en su propia condición.

Un pobrecito, fétido y miserable, se había escondido en un rincón oscuro de la catedral para velar, rezar y pasar la noche junto al Papa que le fué tan benévolo. Se quitó la túnica rota y sucia, túnica de penitencia, y con ella cubrió las vergüenzas del cadáver ultrajado.

Siniestro destino de la riqueza, grandioso el gesto de la pobreza. La primera no lo salvó del saqueo, la segunda lo salvó de la vergüenza.

Y concluye el cardenal Jacques de Vitry: «Entré en la iglesia y me di cuenta, con plena fe, de cuán breve es la gloria engañosa de este mundo».

Aquel al que todos llamaban Poverello y Fratello nada dijo ni nada pensó. Solo hizo. Quedó desnudo para cubrir la desnudez del Papa que un día le aprobara el modo de vida. Francisco de Asís, fuente inspiradora del Papa Francisco de Roma.

Leonardo Boff es autor del libro Francisco de Asís: ternura y vigor, Sal Terrae 61995.

Traducción de Mª José Gavito Milano

Francisco se fez nu para cobrir a nudez do Papa

 

          Sabem os historiadores que o Papa do tempo de São Francisco, Inocêncio III (1198-1216), levara o Papado a um apogeu e esplendor como nunca antes na história eclesiástica. Hábil político, conseguiu que todos os reis, imperadores e senhores feudais, a exceção de apenas alguns, fossem  seus vassalos. Sob a sua regência estavam os dois poderes supremos: o Império e o Sacerdócio. Era pouco ser sucessor do pescador Pedro. Declarou-se “representante de Cristo”, não do Cristo pobre, andando pelas poeirentas estradas da Palestina, profeta peregrino, anunciador de uma radical utopia, a do Reino do amor incondicional ao próximo e a Deus,  da justiça universal, da fraternidade sem fronteiras e da compaixão sem  limites. Seu Cristo é o Pantocrator, o  Senhor do Universo, cabeça da Igreja e do Cosmos, o Rei universal.

Esta visão exaltatória favoreceu a construção de uma Igreja monárquica, poderosa e rica mas absolutamente secularizada, contrária a tudo o que é evangélico. Tal realidade só podia provocar uma reação contrária entre o povo. Surgiram os movimentos pauperistas, de pobres e de leigos ricos que se faziam pobres. Por sua conta pregavam o evangelho na língua popular: o evangelho da pobreza contra o fausto das cortes, da simplicidade radical contra a sofisticação dos palácios, da adoração do Cristo de Belém e da Crucificação contra a exaltação do Cristo Rei todo poderoso. Eram os albigentes, os valdenses, os pobres de Lyon, o seguidores de Francisco, de Domingos e dos sete Servos de Maria de Florença, nobres que se fizeram mendicantes.

Apesar deste fausto, Inocêncio III foi sensível a Francisco e aos doze companheiros que o visitaram, esfarrapados, em seu palácio em Roma, pedindo licença para viverem segundo o Evangelho. Comovido e com remorsos, o Papa lhes concedeu uma licença oral. Corria o ano 1209. Francisco nunca esquecerá este gesto generoso do Papa imperial.

Mas a história dá as suas voltas. O que é verdadeiro e imperativo, chegado o momento de sua maturação, se revela com uma força vulcânica.  Tal se revelou em 1216 em Perúgia para onde fora o Papa Inocêncio III a um de seus palácios.

Eis que ele morre subitamente, depois de 18 anos de pontificado triunfante. Logo sons lúgubres de canto gregoriano se fazem ouvir, vindos da catedral pontifícia. Executa-se o grave planctum super Innocentium (“o pranto sobre Inocêncio”).

Mas nada detém a morte, senhora de todas as vaidades, de toda a pompa, de toda glória e de todo o triunfo. O esquife do Papa jaz à frente do altar-mr: coberto de ouropéis, joias, ouro, prata e os signos do duplo poder sagrado e secular. Cardeais, imperadores, príncipes, abades, lomgasfilas de fiéis se sucedem na vigília. É o bispo Jacques de Vitry vindo de Namur e depois feito Cardeal de Frascati que o conta.

É meia-noite.  Todos se retiram pesarosos. Apenas o bruxulear das velas acesas projetam fantasmas nas paredes. O Papa, outrora, sempre cercado por nobres, está agora só com as trevas. Eis que ladrões penetram sorrateiramente na catedral. Em poucos minutos espoliam seu cadáver de todas as vestes preciosas, do ouro, da prata e das insígnias papais.

Aí jaz um corpo desnudo, já quase em decomposição. Realiza-se o que Inocêncio deixara exarado num famoso texto sobre “a miséria da condição humana”. Agora ela é demonstrada com toda a sua crueza em sua própria condiçãoo.

Um pobrezinho, fétido e miserável, se escondera num canto escuro da catedral para vigiar, rezar e passar a noite junto ao Papa que lhe aprovara seu modo de vida pobre. Ele tirou  a túnica rota e suja, túnica de penitência. E com ela cobriu as vergonhas do  cadáver violado.Era Francisco de Assis.

Sinistro destino da riqueza, grandiosidade do gesto da  pobreza. A primeira não o salvou do saque, a segunda o salvou da vergonha.

Concluíu o Cardeal Jacques de Vitry: ”Entrei na igreja e me dei conta, com plena fé, quanto é breve a glória enganadora deste mundo”

Aquele que todos chamavam de Poverello e de Fratello nada disse nem pensou. Apenas fez. Ficou nu para cobrir o nu do Papa que um dia mostrou compreensão por sua decisão de viver segundo o evangelho da pobreza radical. Esse Francisco de Assis emerge como fonte inspiradora de Francisco de Roma,o bispo da cidade e Papa.

 

Leonardo Boff é autor do livro Francisco de Assis: ternura e vigor (Vozes) 1999.

Francis of Assisi and Francis of Rome

From the moment the Bishop of Rome, and thus Pope, was elected and took the name Francis. the comparison between the two Francis: the one from Assisi and the one of Rome, became inevitable. Moreover, Francis of Rome explicitly referenced Francis of Assisi. Clearly, it is not about mimicry, but about looking for points of inspiration that will inform us about the style that Francis of Rome wants to give to the direction of the universal Church.

There is an undeniable common point: the crisis of the ecclesiastic institution. Young Francis of Assisi is said to have heard a voice coming from the Crucifix of San Damiano, that told him: “Francis, repair my Church for it is in shambles”. Giotto depicted it well, showing Francis supporting the heavy Church building on his shoulders.

We are also experiencing a grave crisis, caused by the internal scandals of the ecclesiastic institution itself. A universal outcry has been heard («The voice of the people is the voice of God»): «repair the Church whose morality and credibility are in shambles». And to a Cardinal from the periphery of the world, Bergoglio, from Buenos Aires, has been trusted the mission, as Pope, of restoring the Church in the light of Francis of Assisi.

In the time of Saint Francis of Assisi, Pope Innocence III (1198-1216), who presented himself as «the representative of Christ» was triumphant. With Innocence III, the supreme degree of secularization of the ecclesiastic institution was reached, with explicit interest in «dominium mundi», dominion of the world. In fact, for a time, practically all of Europe, including Russia, was subjected to the Pope of Rome. Life was lived then with the greatest pomp and glory. In 1210, filled with doubt, Innocence III recognized Francis of Assisi’s path of poverty. The crisis at that time was theological, because the Church as a temporal and sacred empire contradicted everything Jesus of Nazareth wanted.

Francis of Assisi lived the antithesis of the imperial Church. To the Gospel of power, he offered the power of the Gospel: total relinquishment, radical poverty and extreme simplicity. He did not place himself in the clerical or monastic framework, but as a layman, he was guided by the Gospel, lived strictly, on the periphery of the cities, where the poor and the lepers lived, and in the heart of nature, living a cosmic union with all beings. He spoke to the center from the periphery, asking for conversion. Without explicitly criticizing, he began a great reform, starting from below, but without breaking with Rome. We find ourselves before a Christian genius, with a seductive humanity and fascinating tenderness and caring, who openly discovered the best of our humanity.

I think that this strategy must have impressed Francis of Rome. The Roman curia and the clerical habits of all the Church must be reformed. But there should not be a rupture that could tear apart the body of Christianity.

Another point that most certainly inspired Francis of Rome: the centrality that Francis of Assisi gave to the poor. Francis of Assisi did not organize work for the poor, but he lived with the poor and like the poor. Francis of Rome, ever since we have known him, has been reiterating that the problem of the poor will not be resolved without the participation of the poor, not by philanthropy but by social justice. Social justice diminishes the inequalities that damage Latin America, and, in general, the whole world.

The third point of inspiration is very pertinent now: how do we relate to Mother Earth and the scarcity of goods and services. In the inaugural address of his enthronement, Francis of Rome used the word caring more than 8 times. It is the ethic of caring, as I myself have strongly suggested, that will save humanity and guarantee the vitality of the ecosystems. Francis of Assisi, patron saint of ecology, will be the model for a respectful and fraternal relationship towards all beings, not above nature, but side by side with her.

Francis of Assisi maintained with Clare a relationship of great friendship and true love. He exalted women and their virtues, considering them «gentlewomen». I hope that Francis of Assisi will inspire in Francis of Rome a relationship with women, who are the majority of the Church, not only of respect, but one which gives them a leading role in the decision-making of the paths of faith and spirituality in the new millennium.

Finally, according to philosopher Max Scheler, Francis of Assisi is the Western prototype of cordial and emotional reason. This reason makes us sensitive to the passion of those who suffer and to the cries of the Earth. Francis of Rome, unlike Benedict XVI, who was the expression of intellectual reason, is a clear example of the cordial intelligence that loves the people, embraces people, kisses children, and sees the multitudes lovingly. If modern reason blends with the sensibility of the heart, it will not be difficult to care for our Common Home and for the disinherited sons and daughters, and we will nourish the most Franciscan conviction that by lovingly embracing the world, we are embracing God.

Translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, melina.alfaro@gmail.com,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.