Categoria: English

What caused the September 11th?

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

We would have to be inhumane not to condemn the September 11th attacks by al-Qaeda against the Twin Towers and the Pentagon, and it would be cruel not to show solidarity with the more than three thousand victims of those terrorist acts.

That said, we should delve deeper into the issue, and ask ourselves: why did this meticulously premeditated attack occur? Things do not happen simply because some crazy nuts are full of hatred, and commit such crimes against their political opponents. There have to be deeper causes that, if they persist, will continue to feed terrorism.

If we look at the history of more than the past century, we see that the West, as a whole, and particularly the Unites States, has humiliated the Moslem countries of the Middle East. They controlled their governments, took their oil and built immense military bases. They left behind much bitterness and rage, the cultural breeding ground for revenge and terrorism.

What is terrible about terrorism is that it takes over minds. To effectively triumph in wars and guerrilla uprisings, it is necessary to occupy physical space. Not so with terrorism. It is enough to occupy the mind, to distort the imagination and to introduce fear. The Northamericans physically occupied the Taliban’s Afghanistan, and Iraq, but the Taliban psychologically occupied the minds of the Northamericans. Unfortunately, Bin Laden’s October 8, 2002, prophecy is being fulfilled: «The United States will never feel secure again, it will never again have peace.» The United States is now a country that is hostage to the fear that has been spread.

So as not to give the impression of being anti-Northamerican, I will transcribe here a segment of the words of the Bishop of Melbourne Beach, Florida, Robert Bowman, who, before becoming a Bishop, had been a military fighter pilot, who flew 101 combat missions in the Vietnam War. He wrote an open letter to then-President Bill Clinton, who ordered the bombings of Nairobi and Dar-es-Salam, where the Northamerican embassies had been attacked by terrorists. The content of that letter also applies to Bush, who waged war against Afghanistan and Iraq, a war that Obama now continues. The letter, still timely, was published by the National Catholic Reporter on October 2, l998 under the title: Why is the US hated?, and goes like this:

«You, Mr. President, have said that we are the target of attacks because we defend democracy, liberty and human rights. That is absurd! We are the target of terrorists because, in large portions of the world, our government has defended dictatorships, slavery and human exploitation. We are the target of terrorists because we are hated. And we are hated because our government does hateful things. In how many countries have agents of our government removed leaders chosen by their people, who exchanged them for military dictators – puppets who wanted to sell their countries to Northamerican multinational companies!

We have done so in Iran, in Chile and in Vietnam, in Nicaragua, and in the rest of the «banana republics» of Latin America. In country after country, our government has opposed democracy, suffocated freedom and violated human rights. This is the reason we are hated all over the world. It is for this reason that we are the target of terrorists.

Instead of sending our sons and daughters to kill Arabs throughout the world and thus to take control of the oil under their lands, we should send them to rebuild their infrastructures, to help them with drinking water, and to feed their children who are in danger of starving to death. This is the truth, Mister President. This is what the Northamerican people must understand.»

The correct answer is not to fight terror with terror, a la Bush, but with solidarity. Members of the associations of victims of the Twin Towers went to Afghanistan to found aid associations, so that the people may emerge from misery. Through such humanity, the root causes of terrorism are annulled.

The Earth Defends Herself by Slowing down Growth

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

The idea of a living Earth is widely accepted, and has been incorporated into the most recent manuals of ecology (cf.R. Barbault, Ecologia Geral, Vozes, Petrópolis 2011.) It was first proposed by Russian geochemist W.Vernadsky in the 1920’s, and was retaken with great depth in the 1970s by James Lovelock, and among us, by J. Lutzenberger, where she was called Gaia. This name tries to convey the fact that the Earth is a gigantic, self regulating, super-organism, that makes all beings interconnect and cooperate with each other. Nothing is omitted, because everything is an expression of the life of Gaia, including human societies, their cultural projects, and their forms of production and consumption. But by creating the conscious and free human being, Gaia has endangered herself. Human beings are called upon to live in harmony with her, but they can also break the bonds of belonging. She is tolerant, but when the rupture damages the whole, she teaches us bitter lessons. We can already feel them now.

All the world is lamenting the slow world growth, especially in the developed countries. Many reasons are given, but from a radical ecological perspective, it is a reaction of the Earth herself to excessive exploitation by the producing and consumerist system of the industrialized countries. The aggression against Earth’s systems has been carried too far, to the point that, as some scientists note, we have inaugurated a new ecological era: the anthropocene, where the human being, as a destructive geologic force, is accelerating the sixth mass extinction, that has been underway for millennia. Gaia is defending herself, undermining the conditions of the myth of all present-day societies, including the Brazilian: that of growth, the bigger the better, with unlimited consumption.

Already in 1972, the Club of Rome took note of the limits of growth, that the Earth can no longer sustain it. It takes a year and a half to restore what we extract from her in a year. Therefore, growth is hostile to life and hurts the resilience of Mother Earth. But we do not understand, nor do we want to recognize, the signs she gives. We want more and more growth, and consequently we want to consume recklessly. The «World Economic Perspectives» report of the International Monetary Fund, foresees a 4.3% rate of worldwide growth in 2012. This is to say, we will extract more wealth from the Earth, throwing her off balance, as is shown by global warming.

The «Systemic Evaluation of the Millennium» carried out between 2001 and 2005 by the U.N. to ascertain the degradation of the principal factors that sustain life, warned: either we change our ways, or we endanger the future of our civilization.

The 2008 economic-financial crisis, that has returned now in 2011, refutes the myth of growth. There is a generalized blindness, from which not even the 17 Nobel laureates for economics escape, as was seen in their recent meeting in Lindau Lake, South Germany. Except for Joseph Stiglitz, they all agreed that the structure of the present economy bears no responsibility for the present crisis (Page 12, Buenos Aires, 8/28/2011). Therefore, they simply propose continuing down the same path of growth, with some corrections, without realizing that they have become bad advisors.

It is important to recognize the dilemma inherent in finding a solution: there are regions of the planet that need to grow to meet the demands of the poor, obviously while caring for nature and avoiding incorporation into the consumerist culture. And other highly developed regions have to be solidarian with the poor, control their own growth, take only what is natural and renewable, restore that which they have devastated and return more of what they have taken, so that future generations may also live with dignity as part of the community of life.

The reduction of growth is a wise reaction on the part of the Earth. It sends us this message: «Forget the outrageous idea of growth, for it is like a cancer that will erode all the sources of life. Seek human development of those intangible goods that can grow without limit, such as love, caring, solidarity, compassion, artistic and spiritual creation.»

I do not think I am wrong in believing that there are ears attentive to this message, and that together we will make the longed-for journey.

Teaching how to celebrate Life and the Mother Earth

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

Given the generalized crisis we are presently enduring, all forms of education must include caring for everything that exists and lives. Without caring, we cannot guarantee a sustainability that will allow the planet to maintain its vitality, its ecosystems, its equilibrium, and the future of our civilization. We are taught critical and creative thinking, to have a profession and a good standard of living, but we forget to teach responsibility, and caring for the common future of Earth and Humanity. Education that does not include caring reveals alienation and irresponsibility. The more serious analysts of the ecological status of the Earth warn us that, if we do not care, we may experience catastrophies worse than those experienced in 2011 in Brazil and Japan. To maintain herself, the Earth might be forced, perhaps, to reduce her biosphere, eliminating species and millions of human beings.

Among the many good qualities of the concept of caring, I would like to point out two that are of interest to the new model of education: inclusion of the globe in our everyday imagery, and enchantment with the mystery of existence. When we contemplate planet Earth from outer space, a feeling of reverence arises, at seeing our only Common Home. We are inseparable from the Earth, with her, we form a whole. We feel that we must love her and take good care of her so that she may offer us all we need to continue living.

The second quality of caring as an ethical attitude and a form of love, is the enchantment that we feel for the most spectacular and beautiful apparition that has ever existed, namely, the miracle of the existence of each individual human person. The systems, institutions, sciences, technical achievements and schools lack that which every human possesses: consciousness, the capacity for loving, caring, creativity, solidarity, compassion and the feeling of belonging to a larger Whole that sustains and animates us: the realities that constitute our Profundity.

We surely are not the center of the universe. But we are the beings that carry its conscience and intelligence, through which the universe thinks of itself, is conscious and sees itself in its splendid complexity and beauty. We are the part of the universe and the Earth that has come to feel, to think, to love and to venerate. That is our dignity, that must be internalized and imbued in every person of the new planetary era.

We should be proud of being able to perform this mission for the Earth and for the whole universe. We only fulfill this mission if we care for ourselves, for others, and for every being that inhabits the Earth.

Perhaps few have expressed these noble feelings better than the distinguished musician and poet Pablo Casals, (1876–1973.) In a speech at the United Nations in the 1980s, he addressed the General Assembly, thinking of the children as the future of the new humanity. His message is also valuable for us adults. Casals said:

The child must know that he himself is a miracle, that from the beginning of the world, never has there been another child just the same, and that in the whole future, there will never be another child like him. Every child is unique, from the beginning to the end of time. That way the child assumes a responsibility, as he confesses: it is true that I am a miracle. I am a miracle as the tree is a miracle. And being a miracle, could I do evil? No, because I am a miracle. I can say God or Nature, or God-nature. That’s not that important. What is important is that I am a miracle made by God and by nature. Could I kill someone? No. I cannot. And could another human being, who is also a miracle, kill me? I believe that what I am telling the children, could help bring about another way of thinking of the world and of life. The world of today is bad, yes it is a bad world. The world is bad because we do not talk to the children as I am talking to them now, in the way they need us to talk to them. Then the world will have no reason to be a bad world.

Great realism is revealed here: every reality, especially human reality, is unique and precious, but at the same time, we live in a conflicted world, contradictory and with terrifying aspects. In spite of all that, we must trust in the strength of the seed. The seed is filled with life. Every child that is born is a seed of a world that can be better. Because of that, it is worth having hope. A patient in a psychiatric hospital that I visited, printed with fire on a small board that he later gave me: «Every child who is born is a sign that God still believes in the human being.» It is not necessary to say anything more, because in these words lies the meaning of our hope as we face the evils and tragedies of this world.

We badly need respect

Leonardo Boff2 Comentários

Modern culture, from its dawn in the XVI century, has been based on a brutal lack of respect. First, a lack of respect for nature, which is treated as a torturer treats his victims, in order to steal all her secrets, (Bacon). Then, for the original peoples of Latin America. In his 1562 book, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies, (Brevísima Relación de la Destrucción de las Indias), Bartolome de las Casas relates, as an eyewitness, that the Spaniards «in only 48 years occupied an area larger than the length and width of the whole of Europe and part of Asia, robbing and usurping everything with cruelty, injustice and tyranny, where twenty million souls were killed and destroyed in a country we had seen filled with people, and of such a humane people». (Décima Réplica). Shortly thereafter, millions of enslaved Africans were brought to the Americas, and sold as «items» in the market and used like coal in the processes of production.

The litany of instances of lack of respect in our culture would be long, culminating in the Nazi extermination camps, where millions of Jews, gypsies, and others considered inferior were annihilated.


We know that a society only grows and attains minimally humane relations when it establishes respect for one another. Respect, as R. Winnicott shows, is born in the bosom of the family, especially in the figure of the father, who is responsible for one’s passing from the world of “I”, to the world of “others”, which is the first limit to be respected. One of the criteria of culture is the degree of respect and self-control its members impose upon themselves and observe. Then, just measure, a synonym of justice, appears. If such limits are not observed, we see a lack of respect and imposition on others. Respect presupposes recognition of the other as other and its intrinsic value, be it a person or any other being.

Among the many current crises, the general lack of respect is surely one of the gravest. Lack of respect dominates every aspect of individual, familial, social and international life. For this reason, the Franco-Bulgarian thinker, Tzvetan Todorov, in his recent book, Fear of the Barbarians, (El miedo a los bárbaros, Galaxia Gutenberg, 2008) warns that if we do not overcome fear and resentment and do not assume collective responsibility and universal respect we will not have the means of protecting our fragile planet and the already threatened life on Earth.


The theme of respect leads us to 1952 Nobel Peace laureate, Albert Schweitzer, (1875-1965). A native of Alsace, he was one of the most preeminent theologians of his time. His book, The Quest of the Historical Jesus, (Historia de las investigaciones sobre la vida de Jesús), is a classic, because it shows that a scientific biography of Jesus cannot be written. The Gospels contain history, but are not history books. They are theologies that use historical facts and narratives in order to show what Jesus means for the salvation of the world. Therefore, we know little about the real Jesus of Nazareth. Schweitzer understood that the Sermon on the Mount is historic and it is important to live it. He abandoned his chair of theology, stopped giving concerts of Bach (he was one of his best interpreters) and enrolled in medical school. On graduating, he went to Lambarene, Gabon, in Africa, to found a hospital to serve people suffering from Hansen’s disease. And there he worked, with great limitations, for the rest of his life.


He explicitly confessed: «what we need is not to send missionaries there who want to convert the Africans, but persons willing to do for the poor what needs to be done, if the Sermon on the Mount and the words of Jesus make any sense. What really is important is to become a simple human being who, in the spirit of Jesus, does something, no matter how small it is.»


During his work as a physician, Schweitzer found time to write. His principal book is Reverence for Life, (Ehrfurcht vor dem Leben), which he proposes as the articulating axis of all ethics. «The good», he says, «consists of respecting, conserving and elevating life to its maximum value; evil consists of not respecting, destroying and hindering the development of life.» And he concludes: «when the human being learns to respect even the smallest being of creation, be it animal or vegetable, no one will need to be taught to love his fellow human being; the great tragedy of life is when a man dies within while he is still alive.»

It is urgent that we hear and live this message, in these dark days that humanity is experiencing.