Categoria: English

The Christmas of today’s Herods

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

Christmas always has its idilio. There can be no sadness when life is born, especially when Jesus, the puer aeternus, the Divine Child, comes into the world. There are angels singing, the star of Bethlehem shining, the shepherds watching their flock overnight. But principally there are Mary, the good Joseph and the Child lying in the manger, “because there was no room for them in the inn”. And behold there also appeared, coming from the Orient, wise men called magi, who opened their coffers and offered Him gold, incense and myrrh, mysterious symbols. But there was also a bad king, Herod, very cruel, so cruel that he even executed his whole family. Herod heard that in Bethlehem, the city of David, a child had been born who would be the Savior. Afraid of loosing his throne, he ordered that all the boys under two years old in Bethlehem and surrounding area be killed. The sacred texts preserve one of the most painful wails of all the New Testament: ”In Ra’má a voice was heard, lamentation, crying, and great mourning, Rachel wept for her children, and would not be comforted, because they are not” (Matthew 2,18).

Christmas this year brings to mind the present day Herods who are destroying our children and youth. Between 2007 and 2019, 57 children and youth under 14 years of age have died in Brazil due to stray bullets in police actions. Just this year, 2019, the Platform of Cross Fire reports that 6 children and 19 teenagers lost their lives in Rio de Janeiro in police actions. In Rio’s metropolitan region there have been 6,058 shootouts, with 2,301 persons shot, of which 1,213 were killed and 1,088 gravely wounded. Causing more clamor was the case of Agatha Félix, an 8 year old girl killed by a stray riffle bullet to the back when she was inside a kombi van going home with her mother. Their names deserve mention. Just a few years older, they shared the destiny of the innocent children killed by Herod: Jenifer Gomes,11; Kauan Peixoto, 12; Kauã Rozário, 11; Kauê dos Santos, 12; Agatha Félix, 8; and Ketellen Gomes, 5 years old. The Governor of Rio de Janeiro and his ferocious police are accused of crimes against humanity, because he orders attacks on communities with helicopters and drones, terrorizing the people. Mayor Marcelo Crivella confessed that in the communities’ 436 schools, the children lost 7000 hours of classes due to police operations.

Together with Vanessa Francisco Sales, the mother of Agatha Félix, who carried her little daughter’s doll in the funeral, let there be heard the voices of the Biblical Rachel: the mothers of the Morro do Alemão, of Jacarezinho, of the Chatuba de Mesquita, of the Vila Moretti de Bangu, of the Complejo de Chapadão, of Duque de Caxias, of Vila Cruzeiro in the Complexo de Penha, of Maricá. Let’s hear their lamentations:

“Many voices are heard, many cries and many wails. The mothers cry for their beloved sons and daughters, killed by stray bullets. They do not want to be consoled , because they have lost their beloved children forever. They ask for an answer that does not come from anywhere. With tears and many lamentations we plead that the killing of our children stop. For the love of God stop the killing. We want our children alive. We demand justice”.

This is the context of this 2019 Christmas, worsened by an official policy that uses the perverse means of lies, fake news, anger and visceral hatred. Jesus was born poor and lived poor all his life. And there comes a President who often has the name of Jesus on his lips, but not in his heart, because he throws insults to the LGBT, the Blacks, the Indigenous, the quilombolas (Afro-Brazilians who live in the quilombos) and the women.

The President openly says that he does not like the poor, that is, he does like those of whom Jesus said: “Blessed are the poor” and called them, “my younger brothers and sisters”, and that “in the end of life they will be our judges“ (Matthew 25,40). That he does not like the poor means that he does not want to govern for the majority of Brazilians, who are poor and even miserable; for whom he would primarily govern and care.

In spite of all that, Christmas must be celebrated. It is dark, but we celebrate the humanity and joyfulness of our God. God made himself into a helpless child. What happiness it is to know that we will be judged by a child that only wants to play and to accept and give love.

May Christmas gives us a little of the light that comes from the Star that filled the shepherds of the fields of Bethlehem with joy and that guided the wise magi to the grotto. “Its light illuminates all the persons who come to this world” (John 1,9), to you and to me, to all, not only to those who have been baptized. Merry Christmas.

Leonardo BoffEco-Theologian-Philosopher,Earthcharter Commissioner

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Lula and Bolsonaro:the clash of two visions for Brazil

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

The release from prison of former President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva, under the presidency of Jair Bolsonaro, has created a dramatic confrontation of two visions for Brazil. More than just opposite, these two visions are antagonistic. Without forcing the terms, it appears to be the realization of the Gnostic’s world vision that read history as a struggle between good and evil, or according to St. Agustin’s The City of God, a struggle between love and hate.

Actually, Bolsonaro’s vision is based on spreading hate for the homo-friendly, the LGBT, the Blacks and the poor in general, and in exalting dictatorships to the point of praising notorious torturers. For his part, Lula affirms that he harbors no hate, but a love that brought him to implement social policies for including millions of the marginalized, guaranteeing them the vital minimums.

We recognize that this projects a vision that appears dialectic, dividing history into light and dark, but, sadly, that is how it is, even when this dualism is rejected.

This is taking place in the context of world ascension of conservatism, of fundamentalism both political and religious, and the exacerbation of the logic of capitalism as expressed in ultra radical neo-liberalism, turned into the Bolsonaro government’s axial option. This radical neo-liberalism, formulated by the Vienna and Chicago schools, from where Paulo Guedes comes, maintains that “there are no rights other than the laws of the market, and poverty is not an ethical problem but reflects technical incompetence, because the poor are individuals who, due to their own shortcomings, are the losers in the competition with the others”. That theoretical presupposition implies that there is no need to worry about policies for the poor. It is a government of the rich for the rich.

Lula, by contrast, affirms the centrality of social justice; starting with the great majorities who are the victims of capitalism. Lula proposes a social and participatory democracy which includes those majorities. Instead of relying on the support of the social movements, whence he came, as was successfully done by Bolivia’s President Evo Morales Ayma, recently unseated by a classist and racist coup, he tried to realize that vision through a presidency based on a coalition of political parties, He considers this his major mistake, .

In Brazil, racism and intolerance –that were always present, but closeted– have explicitly emerged. They used to hide under the name “Brazilian cordiality”. But as Sergio Buarque de Hollanda, (in Roots of Brazil), noted, that cordiality can mean violence and hate as well as openness and love, because both live in the heart. Hence the name “cordial”.

Surfing on this national and international wave Bolsonaro was elected President and former President Lula was arrested and convicted through lawfare, the judicial body that was implementing the Lava Jato.

Jair Bolsonaro, even after being elected, frequently uses fake news, open lies, and governs with his children in a nepotistic authoritarian and often crass form.

Lula appears as a well known charismatic leader who speaks to the hearts of the forgotten masses. He proposes a social democracy, a State ruled by laws and the urgent need to regain all that has been dismantled.

Everything depends on the style in which this clash will take place. Bolsonaro is avoiding direct confrontation. Because he knows the limitations of his talents; he has left it in the hands of his Secretaries of Justice, Sergio Moro, and of the Treasury, Paulo Guedes, who are better prepared.

As I see it, Lula must avoid lowering himself to a confrontation at Bolsonaro’s level. It is important that Lula bring to light what Bolsonaro hides and cannot use: the crassness of the facts, the tragedy that devastates the great humiliated and offended majorities. There is no need for a long speech in reply to Bolsonaro, because he, himself, is self destructive. Lula must be positive as he speaks to the hearts of the destitute masses, firmly denouncing the evil perpetrated by the measures of exclusion, contrary to established rights, and life itself.

To summarize a lengthy reasoning: It would be wise to adopt the attitude of the best man the West has given, the poor and humble Francis of Assisi. With his realist sensibility, he knew that reality is contradictory, composed of the dia-bolical (that which divides) and of the sim-bolical (that which unites). He did not point to the darkest side of our reality, but emphasized instead the luminous side, so that it inundates mind and heart. As the Poverello of Assisi proclaims: “where there is hatred, I bring love; where there is discord, I bring unity; where there is desperation, I bring hope; where there is darkness, I bring light”.

This option implies a conviction that no government can stand if it is based on hatred, lies and the rejection of Earth’s most humble and poor. Truth, sincere intentions, and selfless love will have the last word. Not Cain but Abel. Not Judas but Jesus. Not Brilhante Ustra but Vladimir Herzog.

Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher, Earthcharter Commissioner

A brief account of «the destruction of the Indians» in Brazil

Leonardo Boff4 Comentários

Meditating on the PanAmazon Synod of October 2019, makes me remember what Bartolome de las Casas called «the destruction of the Indians» when he was dealing with Central America.

The first encounter of April 21, 1500, idyllically narrated by the chronicler Pero Vaz de Caminha, soon turned into a profound disappointment: due to the greed of the colonizers there was no reciprocity between the Portuguese and the Indigenous people. Rather, it was a confrontation, unequal and violent, with disastrous consequences for the future of all Native Nations.

As in the entire Latin American continent, the Indigenous people were deprived of their status as human beings. Even in 1704, the Aguiras Chamber, in Ceara, Brazil, wrote in a letter to the king of Portugal that “there is no need for missions with these barbarians because they have only the form of humans, and whoever says anything different is clearly wrong.” Before Pope Paul III had to intervene, and with the Papal Bull Sublimis Deus of July 9, 1537, he proclaimed the absolute dignity of the Indigenous peoples as true human beings, free peoples and owners of their lands.

Due to the white invader’s diseases, against which the Indigenous people had no immunity: flu, chickenpox, measles, malaria and syphilis; to the Cross and the sword; the degradation of their lands, making hunting and farming impossible; because of slavery; the wars officially declared by Don João VI on May, 1808, against the Krenak in the Rio Dulce Valley; the systematic humiliation and denial of their identity… the five million indigenous were reduced to the current 930.000. The virtual eradication for political purposes of the Indigenous peoples was accomplished, either by forced acculturation, spontaneous and planed misogynistic practices, or by pure and simple genocide, much as Brazil’s General Governor, Mendes Sá, did with the Tupiniquim of Iheus: “The corpses were placed along the beaches, aligned in the extension of a legua.” In recent times, when the great highways and the hydroelectric damns in the Amazon were opened, chemical defoliants, helicopter attacks and low level flights of airplanes were used against the Indigenous populations, plus bacteria that were intentionally introduced.

We need quote only one paradigmatic example that reflects the logic of the “destruction of the Brazilian Indians”. In the beginning of the Twentieth century, when Dominican Friars created a Mission on the banks of the Araguaia River, 6 to 8.000 Kaiapo, were at war with the collectors of natural rubber of the region. By 1918 they had been reduced to 500. In 1927 there were 27, and in 1958 there was only one surviving Kaiapo. In 1962 the Kaiapo were declared extinct in the whole region.

With the annihilation of more than a thousand nations in 500 years of Brazilian history, a human inheritance, built over thousands of years of cultural work, dialogue with nature, creation of languages and construction of a world vision friendly to life and respectful of nature, disappeared forever. We are all poorer without them.

The nightmare of a Native Terena, related by one who knows well the souls of Brazilians and the Indigenous, shows the impact of this demographic devastation on people and nations: “I went to the old Guarani cemetery in the Reserve, and saw a big cross. Some white men came and nailed me face down to that cross. They left and I lay there, desperate, nailed to the cross. Suddenly I awoke, filled with fear” (Roberto Gambini, The Indigenous Mirror, (El espejo indio, Rio de Janeiro 1980, p. 9).

This fear, due to the continuous aggression of the barbarian white (who arrogantly calls himself civilized), has been converted in the Indigenous populations into terror of being exterminated forever from the face of the Earth.

Thanks to the Indigenous organizations and the new protectionist state laws, the support of civil society and the Churches, and to international pressure, the Indigenous nations are strengthening and growing in numbers. Their organizations reveal the high level of consciousness and articulation they have accomplished. They experience themselves as adult citizens who want to participate in the destiny of the national community, without renouncing their identity, cooperating with other historical subjects, sharing their cultural, ethical and spiritual wealth.

Still, the form of the Brazilian State, especially under the Bolsonaro government, is extremely offensive to their dignity. It threatens and mistreats them through its Indigenous policies, as if they were primitive and puerile. In fact, the Native people have an integrity that we Westerners, who are hostages to a paradigm of civilization that divides, atomizes and sets one against the other to totally dominate, have lost. The Indigenous people are the guardians of the sacred and complex unity of the human being with others, immersed in nature, of which we all are part and parcel. They preserve the happy consciousness of our belonging to the Whole and the eternal alliance between heaven and Earth, the origin of all things.

When, in October 1999, I encountered, in Umeo, the Samis,the Indigenous Norwegians, they first asked me a question before our conversation:

– Do the Brazilian Indigenous keep the marriage of heaven and Earth?

I immediately understood the question and firmly answered:

– But of course, they maintain this marriage, because from the marriage between heaven and Earth all things are born.

They happily replied:

– “Then they still are as truly Indigenous as we. They are not like our brothers from Stockholm who have forgotten heaven and only stayed with the Earth. This is why they are unhappy and so many commit suicide. If we maintain the unity of heaven and Earth, of spirit and matter, the Great Spirit and the human spirit, we will then save humanity and our Great Mother Earth”.

That surely is the great mission of the Original Peoples and the enormous challenge to help us save our Pacha Mama, our Mother Earth, who generates and supports us all and without which nothing in this world is possible.

We need to listen to their message and join in their commitment, to be, as they are, witnesses to the beauty, wealth and vitality of Mother Earth.

Leonardo Boff Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher and  of the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

How the Pan Amazon Synod could surprise us

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

The «Pan-Amazon Synod» is taking place in Rome from October 6th to the 27th. In 1974, Pope Paul VI instituted the concept of the Synod: first were the «Synod of Bishops», with representatives from every continent, and the «Regional Synods», such as the 1980 Synod of the Dutch Bishops and the Synod of the German Bishops, that is being celebrated in 2019, among others.

The Synod, that etymologically means “to make together (syn) the path (odos)” is an opportunity for local or regional churches to take the pulse of their ministries, analyzing problems, identifying challenges and seeking together ways to implement and realize the Gospel.

The Pan Amazon Synod has special relevance, for the twin levels of consciousness manifested in its basic theme: “New paths for the Church and for the integral Ecology”. It is about defining a new form of the Church’s presence in the American continent, particularly in the vast Amazon region that spreads over 9 countries, in an expanse of more than 8 million square kilometers. The other form of consciousness is seen in the importance of the Amazon to the Earth’s equilibrium and the future of life and humanity.

The Roman Catholic Church in the American continent and the Amazon region was a mirror of the mother-Church of Europe. After five centuries, it has transformed itself into a source-Church, with an Afro-Indigenous-European face. In his opening homily of the Synod, on October 4th, Pope Francis openly said: ”How many times has God’s gift been… not offered, but imposed! How many times has there been colonizing instead of evangelizing! May God save us from a new colonialism”.

On another occasion, in Puerto Maldonado, Peru, he asked for forgiveness–something never before done by a Pope–: ”I humbly ask for forgiveness” Francis said, “not only for the offenses committed by the Church herself, but for the crimes against the original peoples that took place during the conquest of the American continent”.

The «Instrument of Work» to prepare the Synod, asks that “viri probati”, this is, married men, proven to be honorable, especially indigenous men, be ordained priests. Dom Erwin Kräutler,Bishop Emeritus of Xingu, the largest diocese in the world, suggested to Pope Francis that in place of the term viri probati (honorable men) the term personae probatae (honorable persons), which would also include women, should be used. Dom Erwin says: in the communities women do everything that the priest does, except consecration of the bread and wine. Why not allow them this mission as well? Mary gave birth to Jesus, the Son of God; the women, her sisters, why cannot they represent him? Moreover, the text says that women will be given a special mission. It could be, as in all the other Christian Churches, that women too, in their own way, be priests.

This Pope is innovative and courageous. The best theologians say that neither dogma nor doctrine precludes women from representing Christ. Theologically speaking, the priest is not the one who consecrates. Christ does that. The priest only lends visibility to the act. At present, the only roadblock is the patriarchy.

The most important and acute question is safeguarding the Amazon biome. That vast region has been studied by the greatest scientists for at least two centuries. As Euclides da Cunha said in his Amazon essays:“Human intelligence could not support the weight of the portentous reality of the Amazon; human intelligence would have to grow with her, adapting to her, to dominate her” (Vozes 1976, p. 15). The Amazon is the world’s greatest filter. It captures carbon dioxide, returning oxygen to us, and mitigates global warming. Its biodiversity is such that “in few hectares of the Amazon jungle there exists a greater number of species of plants and insects than all the flora and fauna of Europe”, says the great specialist E. Salati.

But its most important meaning lies in the immensity of its waters, be they those of the flying rivers (the tremendous humidity of the trees, that rises above the jungles), the surface waters of the rivers, or the immense aquifer Alter do Chão. If we do not preserve the jungle, the Amazon will be turned into a desert, like the Sahara, that some 15 thousand years ago was like the Amazon, with the Nile river flowing into the Atlantic If the Amazon is deforested, fifty billion more tons of carbon dioxide annually would be released into the atmosphere, making life impossible in the South of the continent.

Pope Francis referred to the fate of the Amazon when analyzing the present global situation:“the Earth is ever more interconnected and the peoples that inhabit it are part of the planet’s community, for example, the problem of the fires in the Amazon is a problem not only for the Amazon region… is a world problem, as is the migratory problem”.

Awareness that the Amazon biome is a «Common Good of the Earth and of Humanity» is growing. The cry of each country’s sovereignty still exists in the old paradigm that divides up the planet… Today it is important to reunite those parts and recreate the reality that there is but one, a whole: the Common Home for us and for the entire «Community of Life»… Brazil does not own the Amazon (63%); Brazil is only its current administrator –under a new government– of a highly irresponsible form. It pays little attention to the fires and, when it deals with the minerals, the oil, and other wealth, it supports huge projects that threaten the Native peoples — those who know how to care for and to preserve the jungle– and the ecological equilibrium of the whole Common Home.

There is a project supported by scores of caciques, bishops. authorities, scientists and others that will be presented in the Synod, to declare “The Amazon, ¡intangible sanctuary of the Common Home!”.

UNESCO has already registered several biomes in many countries; why not do so with the Amazon, where the future of the Earth’s vitality and human civilization is at stake?

Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher of the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.