Categoria: English

Why won’t the official Catholic Church discuss sexuality and the law of celibacy?

Leonardo Boff4 Comentários

Pope Francis was undeniably courageous in openly confronting the issue of pedophilia within the Catholic Church. He encourages reporting pedophiles, (priests, religious, bishops and cardinals) to the civil authorities for prosecution and punishment. In the Roman encounter for the Protection of Minors, in late February 2019, the Pope imposed 8 Determinations, among which were “zero pedophilia” and “protection of the victims of abuse”.

Pope Francis identifies the root of the problem as “the scourge of clericalism, which is fertile ground for all these abominations”. Clericalism here means the concentration of all sacred power in the clergy, to the exclusion of other levels that are considered to be above all suspicion or criticism. As it happens, some clergymen use that power, that in itself ought to irradiate trust and reverence, to sexually abuse minors.

However, in my opinion, the present Pope and his predecessors, for reasons that I will try to clarify, have not dealt adequately with the issues of sexuality and the law of celibacy.

As to sexuality, we must recognize that the Church, the-great-pyramidal-institution, has historically held a distrustful and extremely negative attitude towards sexuality. The Church is hostage to an erroneous understanding that derives from the Platonic and Augustinian traditions. Saint Augustine saw the sexual act as the path through which original sinenters. Through it, from birth, each human being supposedly carries the stain of a sin, regardless of personal responsibility, in solidarity with the sin of the original parents.

With less procreative sex, there are fewer “massa damnata” (condemned masses). The woman, who bears the off-spring, is responsible for bringing original sin into the world. This is why the woman is denied full humanity. She is called “mas” which in Latin means “incomplete man”. Herein lies the theoretical grounding of the anti-feminism and machismo in the Roman Catholic Church.

Hence the high value placed on celibacy, because without sexual-genital relations with a woman, no children will be born. Thus, the original sin will not be transmitted.

In the analyses and condemnations that surround pedophilia, the basic problem has yet to be discussed: sexuality. A human being is not defined by gender. In body and soul the human being is sexualized. It is so essential that the continuity of life passes through it. But this is a mysterious and extremely complex reality.

The French thinker, Paul Ricoeur, who philosophically reflected on Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, wrote: “deep down, sexuality remains perhaps impermeable to reflection and inaccessible to human dominance; perhaps that capacity means that sexuality cannot be reduced to an ethics or a technique” (Revista Paz y Tierra n. 5,1979, p. 36). Sexuality lives between the law of the day, where established behaviors prevail, and the law of the night where free impulses function. Only an ethics of respect towards the other sex and permanent self control of that volcanic energy can transform sexuality into an expression of affection and love, rather than an obsession.

We know that insufficient preparation is given in the seminaries to priests for integrating sexuality. Normal contacts with women are so circumscribed that it results in a certain atrophy in the development of their identity. Why did God create humanity as man and woman? (Gn 1,27). It was not primarily for procreation, but so that men and women would not be alone, so that they would be compañeros. (Gn 2,18).

The sciences of the psyche show that a man only matures under the gaze of the woman, and a woman, under the gaze of the man. Man and woman are complete but reciprocal, and they mutually enrich each other through their differences.

Cellular genetics shows that the difference in chromosomes between man and woman is limited only to one chromosome. The woman possesses two XX chromosomes and the man has one X and one Y chromosome. Hence one can deduce that the basic sex is the feminine (XX), with the masculine (XY) being a differentiation of the feminine. Consequently there is no absolute sex, only a dominant one. “A second sex” exists in each human being, man and woman. Human and sexual maturity. lies in the integration of the “anima” and the “animus”, namely, of the feminine and masculine dimensions present in each person.

Celibacy is not excluded from this process. It can be a legitimate option, but in the Catholic Church it is imposed as a condition for becoming a priest or a religious. On the other hand, celibacy cannot be born of an inability to love, but from a super abundance of love of God, that is transferred to others, especially to those most lacking for affection.

Why doesn’t the Roman Catholic Church abolish the law of celibacy? It would be contradictory with her structure. The Catholic Church is, socially, a totally authoritarian, patriarchal, machista and hierarchical institution. A Church structured around the sacred power encounter what C. G. Jung denounced: “where power predominates, there is neither love nor tenderness”. That is what occurs, in part, with machismo and rigidity in the Church. To correct this deviation, Pope Francis tirelessly preaches “the tender and affectionate encounter”. Celibacy exists in function of the isolated and solitary clerical Church.

If this type of Church prevails, we should not expect abolition of the law of celibacy. That law is useful for that type of Church, but not for the faithful.

And where is Jesus of Nazareth’s dream of a fraternal and egalitarian community? If His dream were to be fulfilled, everything would have to change in the Roman Catholic Church.

Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher,Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Carnival: celebrating the joy of living

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

Brazil is experiencing one of the saddest, if not macabre, phases of her history. The oligarchies’ corruption has been exposed, corruption which has been present throughout our history as a patriarchal (colonial, elitist, anti-popular, and slave holding) state, which by dominating and manipulating public opinion, for centuries has kept the people from being, owning, and knowing. Corruption was not almost exclusively limited to the Labor Party, (PT), as has been claimed in recent years. To the contrary, it always existed. And while it is true that some leading PT members were corrupt, it was scapegoated to mask the massive corruption of the privileged.

A new mantra (“hunt down the schemers”) was peddled by the “mythical one” (Jair Bolsonaro) who was supposed to eliminate corruption. Fifty days in office sufficed to reveal the corruption in his own crowd, even his own family. Many naively believed in the profusion of fake news and slogans with a Nazi slant: “Brazil above everything” (Deutchland über alles) and “God above everyone.” Which God? The God of the neo-Pentecostals, who promote material prosperity but are deaf to the nefarious social injustice that bestows lots of money on their Pastors, true wolves who shear their sheep? It is not the God of Jesus of Nazareth, the poor man and friend of the poor, of whom Fernando Pessoa said that “He did not understand anything about accounting and there is no record that He had a library”. He was a poor man who wandered everywhere, announcing, as the Gospels put it, “great joy for all the people”.

This is the sinister environment in which Carnival is celebrated. It could not be otherwise, because Carnival is one of the most important events in the lives of millions of Brazilians. The festivities help them forget the deceptions, and give room to much suppressed anger, (like of the thousands who screamed obscenities in São Paulo: “B…. go get f…d”). The festival temporarily suspends the terrible daily life and tedious passage of time. It is as if, for a moment, we are all participating in eternity, because during the festivities the passage of time seems suspended. Excess is inherent in the festival, as is the breaking of conventional norms and social formalities. Logically, everything that is healthy can become infirm, like the orgiastic character of some aspects of the Carnival. But that is not characteristic of the Carnival.

The festival is a phenomenon of richness. Richness here does not mean having money. The richness of the festival is that of cordial reason, of joy, of realizing the dream of boundless fraternity, people of the favelas with people of the organized city, all disguised: children, youth, adults, men and women and the elderly, dancing, singing, eating and drinking together. The festival is a manifestation of the fact that we can be happy and joyful, even if we are living collective hardships.

Thinking of it, the joy of Carnival is an expression of a love that is more than empathy. The one who loves nothing or no one, cannot be joyful, even if in his anguish he yearns for that. Saint John Chrysostom, a theologian of the Orthodox Church, of the V Century of the Christian era, (of whom Cardinal Paulo Evaristo Arns was a great enthusiast and devout reader) expressed it well: “ubi caritas gaudet, ibi est festivitas”: “Where love is joyful, there is the festival”.

And now some reflection: the theme of the festival appears as a phenomenon that has defied great thinkers, such as R. Caillois, J. Pieper, H. Cox, J. Moltmann and the very F. Nietzsche himself. It happens that the festival evokes what is still childish and mythic in us, even given our maturity, and the primacy of the cold instrumental-analytic reason that rules our society.

The festival reconciles everything and brings out nostalgia for the paradise of delights that was never totally lost. With reason Plato would say: “the gods made the festivals so that we could breathe a little.” The festival is not just a day made by men but also “a day the Lord has made”, as Psalm 117.24 says. In effect, if life is a difficult path, we need the festival some times to catch our breaths, and once renewed, to forge ahead with joy in our hearts.

Whence springs the joy of the festival? Nietszche formulated it best: “to find joy in one thing, all things must be welcomed.” Consequently, to be able to truly celebrate festival, we must affirm the positive nature of all things. “If we can say yes to a single moment then we have said yes not only to ourselves but to the totality of existence” (Der Wille zur Macht, book IV: Zucht und Züchtigung n.102).

This yes underlies our daily decisions, at work, in our concern for our families and for the jobs threatened by the new regressive laws of the current government, and the time spent with friends and colleagues. Festival is a powerful time, when the secret meaning of life is experienced, even unconsciously. We emerge stronger from the festival, stronger to face the demands of life, which is largely filled with struggle and great difficulties.

We have good reason to celebrate during this Carnival of 2019. Let’s forget for a moment the unpleasantness of a government still lacking direction, with ministers who embarrass us and politicians who attend more to the groups who funded them than the true interests of the people. In spite of all that sadness, joy must prevail.

Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher,Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The current socio-political crisis demands prophets

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

 

“The poor tell us who we are. The prophets tell us who we could be.
So we hide the poor and kill the prophets.” wrote the US Prophet Philip Berrigan
(Jonah House).

Prophetizing is not just a Biblical phenomenon. It also exists in other religions, as in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Mari and Canaan. It exists in all times, including our own. Several kinds of prophets (prophetic communities, visionaries, cult prophets, prophets of the court, etc.) will not be discussed here. The prophets of the First Testament, (also called the Old Testament), such as Hosea, Amos, Micah, Jeremiah and Isaiah, were classics. They were sensitive to the social issues.
To tell the truth, the prophetic spirit has always been present in all phases of Christianity. This is undeniably the case among us, to mention only Brazil, with Dom Helder Camara, Cardinal Dom Paulo Evaristo Arns, Dom Pedro Casaldaliga, and others.

A prophet is an indignant person who struggles for right and justice, especially on behalf of the poor, the weak and widows, against those who exploit the peasants, who falsify weights and measures; and against the luxury of the royal palaces. They sense the call within themselves, interpreted in Biblical code as a divine mission. Amos, who was a simple herdsman, Micah, a small farmer, and Hosea, married to a prostitute, left their daily tasks and went to the backyard of the temple or in front of the royal palace to make their denunciations. But they did not only denounce. They announced catastrophes and then, they announced a new hope, a new and better beginning.

Prophets are mindful of national and international historical events. Micah, for instance, reprimands Nineveh, the capital of the Assyrian empire: “Woe to the bloody city, everything within her is a lie. She is filled with robbery, and does not cease sacking. I will launch filth upon you” (3,1.6). Jeremiah calls Babylon “the metropolis of terror”.

We must understand the premonitions of the prophets correctly. They do not predict catastrophes, as if they had access to a special knowledge. Rather, the meaning is: if the present situation persists, with no change in the exploitation, the practices against the helpless and the absence of a reverent relationship towards Jehovah, something horrible will happen.

Logically, prophets are not pleasing to the powerful, the kings, or even the people. They are called “disrupters of order”, “conspirators against the court and the king”. For that reason, prophets are persecuted, as was Jeremiah, who was tortured and jailed; others were murdered. Very few prophets have died of old age, but no one can make them to shut up.

There clearly are false prophets, those who frequent the courts and are friends with the rich. They announce only pleasing things and even get paid for doing so. There is a true contradiction between false and true prophets. A sign that a prophet is a true one is the courage to risk life and limb for the cause of the humble, and the Earth, one who is always crying for justice and for the right, and tirelessly stands for what is right and just.

Prophets emerge in times of crisis, to denounce illusory projects and to announce a path that brings justice for the humiliated, and that creates a society pleasing to God because the offended and the invisible are well cared for. Justice and right are the bases of lasting peace: that is the central message of the prophets.

We are living now a grave crisis on both a national and world level. Gatherings of scientists and analysts of Earth’s status warn us that if the logic of boundless accumulation continues we will cause a grave ecological-social catastrophe. We are not headed towards global warming. We already are living it. The signs are undeniable.

These voices, even the most authoritative ones, are heard neither by the “decision makers” nor by the men with money. In our country, now submerged in an unprecedented crisis, chaotically ruled by incompetent and even ridiculous persons, we lack prophets who denounce and point to viable paths to get us out of this mess.

The words of Marcio Pochmann are in the prophetic line: “If is maintained the neoliberalism path opened by Temer and now deepened by the ultra-liberalism that dominates the confused government of Bolsonaro, the evolution of Brazil will tend to be like that of Greece, with enterprises failing, and public administration breaking down. The worst is rapidly coming”. Others go even farther: “if socio-political reforms are imposed, according to the logic of the market, merely competitive and not cooperative, Brazil could be transformed into a nation of pariahs”. We need religious and civil prophets, men and women who at least have prophetic attitudes, to denounce that the path underway will be catastrophic.

Isaiah’s words are on point: “The people who walked in darkness have seen a great light: they that dwell in the land of the shadow of death, upon them hath the light shone” (9,1-2).

Leonardo BoffEco-Theologian-Philosopher and of  the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU

The gates of hell have been opened

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

Brazil is experiencing something that is undeniable: the rise of hatred, offenses, gross words of every type, distortions, prejudices and thousands and thousands of instances of fake news is evident in many sectors. In large part, this was responsible for the victory of the current President. There are also youtubers who falsify reality, mixing harsh words with cruel jokes and coarse morals, susceptible to judicial processes.

The words “Communist” and “Socialist” have been turned into accusations. Their real meaning is not even defined, as if we were still in the Cold War of thirty years ago. Many of the perpetrators, including a rather dim-witted minister, say their critics are beholding to Cuba, North Korea or Venezuela… Most have not read even one page about the Theology of Liberation, which they consider to be Marxist. They ignore its basic purpose: the option for the poor and for their liberation, that is, in favor of the great majorities of humanity, who are poor. In fact, the air we breathe is now toxic.

Many of them are mentally degraded and display a complete lack of education. In the electoral campaign their latent rage remained hidden. The preexisting violence was reinforced, giving legitimacy to a culture of violence against the indigenous people, the quilombolas, the Blacks, and especially against the LGBTQ community… and the opposition.

We need to understand the reason for this demented absurdity. We are illuminated by two interpreters of Brazil: Paulo Prado, Portrait of Brazil: essay on the Brazilian sadness, (Retrato de Brasil; ensayo sobre la tristeza brasilera, 1928) and Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, Roots of Brazil, (Raíces de Brasil, 1936) in his V chapter: “The cordial man”.

Both writers have something in common, as Ronaldo Vainfas says, because they both «attempt to decipher the Brazilian character starting from their emotions» Interpreters of Brazil, Vol. II, 2002, Page 16 (Intérpretes de Brasil, vol. II, 2002 p.16). But they do so in different forms. Paulo Prado is profoundly pessimistic, characterizing the Brazilian as driven by lust, greed and sadness. Buarque de Holanda, on the other hand, differs, with respect to cordiality.

«The Brazilian contribution to civilization will be cordiality, we will give to the world the “cordial man”. Openness in the treatment, hospitality, generosity, virtues so praised by foreigners who visit us, represent, in fact, a defining trait of the Brazilian character» (p. 106). But then he observes: «It would be a lie to suppose that these virtues mean “good manners, civility” (107). As he continues: «Enmity can be as cordial as friendship, because both are born in the heart» (107, note 157). We know that from the heart emerge both love and hatred. The psychoanalytic tradition confirms that the heart is the kingdom of feelings. I think that we would better define the character of the Brazilian if we said that his basic design is not one of reason, but feelings . And feeling are contradictory: they can express themselves as love and also as virulent hatred.

But this ambiguous dual facet of the Brazilian, of “cordiality”, or, better said, “of feelings,” has now acquired wings and occupied minds and hearts: The”lack of good manners and civility”. One need only check the web sites, the tweets, facebooks and youtubes to see that the gates of hell are wide open. From there emerged the demons dividing people, insulting such distinguished figures as Dráuzio Varela and the world renowned and appreciated Paulo Freire. The word of the uncivilized occupies the same space as the word of Pope Francis or of the Dalai Lama. But this is only the dark side of the of the Brazilian feeling. There is also the side of light, previously expressed by Buarque de Holanda and by Cassiano Ricardo. We must rescue it, so that we need not live in a barbarian society where no one can enjoy a civilized and humane life.

There is no need to despair. The very condition of the universe consists of order and disorder (cosmos and chaos). Cultures possess their sim-bolic and dia-bolic side, and each human being is inhabited by the great pulse of life (eros) and that of death (thanatos). That is not a defect of creation: it is the natural order of things. Religions, ethics and civilizations were born to give hegemony to light over darkness, so that we do not devour one another. The pessimist Pablo Prado ends with: «the trust in the future cannot be worse than in the past» (p. 98). We agree.

We are inspired by this verse of Agustin Neto, leader of the liberation of Angola: «Is not enough that our Cause is Pure and Just. Purity and Justice must exist within ourselves» (The Angola Poems, 1976, 50).

Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.