Categoria: English

The human being: the conscious and intelligent aspect of the Earth

Leonardo Boff5 Comentários

The conscious human being should not be considered apart from the evolutionary process. The human being represents a very special moment in the complexity of energies, of information and of the matter of Mother Earth. Cosmologists tell us that when a certain level of connections was reached, where a species of unisonous vibrations was created, the Earth caused consciousness to emerge, and with it, intelligence, sensibility, and love.

The human being is that portion of Mother Earth which, in an advanced moment of her evolution, began to feel, think, love, care and venerate. Then, the most complex being we know was born: the homo sapiens sapiens. Therefore, according to the ancient myth of caring, from humus (fertile earth) derived homo-man and from adamah (in Hebrew, fertile earth) originated Adam-Adam (the son and daughter of the Earth).

In other words, we are neither outside of nor above the living Earth. We are part of the Earth, together with the other beings that she also created. We cannot survive without the Earth, but the Earth could continue her trajectory without us.

Due to consciousness and intelligence, we are beings with a special characteristic: it was given to us to guard and care for the Common House. Better still: it was given to us to live and continuously renew the natural contract between Earth and humanity, because its fulfillment will guarantee the sustainability of the whole.

That mutuality of Earth-humanity is better assured if we combine intellectual reason, instrumental-analytic, with sensible and cordial reason. We understand ever more fully that we are beings endowed with affection and with the capacity for feeling, for giving and receiving affection. That dimension has a history of millions of years, ever since life arose some 3.8 billion years ago. From it are born the passions, dreams and utopias that move human beings to action. This dimension, also called emotional intelligence, has been underestimated in modern times, in the name of the supposed objectivity of rational analysis. Now we know that all the concepts, ideas and visions of the world came imbued with affection and sensibility (Michael Maffesoli, Elogio da razão sensível, Petrópolis 1998).

The conscious and necessary union of emotional intelligence with intellectual reason moves us more easily to caring for and respecting Mother Earth and her beings.

With this intellectual and emotional intelligence, the human being also has spiritual intelligence. Spiritual intelligence is not unique to the human being; according to well known cosmologists, it is one of the dimensions of the universe. Spirit and consciousness have their places within the cosmic process. We can say that they appeared first in the universe and later in the Earth, and in the human being. The difference between the spirit of the Earth and the universe and our own spirit is not one of principle, but of degree.

This spirit has been active from the very first moment after the big bang. It is the capacity of the universe for making a symphonic unity of all relationships and interdependencies. Its task is to realize that which some quantum physicists (Zohar, Swimme, among others) call relational holism: to articulate all factors, to make all energies converge, coordinate all information and all impulses forward and upward, so that a Whole is formed and the cosmos appears in fact as a cosmos (something ordained) and not simply as the juxtaposition of beings, or chaos.

In this sense, more than a few scientists (A. Goswami, D. Bohm, B. Swimme and others) talk of a self-conscious universe and of a purpose pursued by the gathering of energies into action. One cannot deny this trajectory: from the primordial energies we passed to matter, from matter to complexity, from complexity to life, from life to consciousness, that in us, human beings, is realized as individual self-awareness, and from self-awareness we pass to the noosphere (Teilhard de Chardin), because of which we feel as though we are one collective mind.

All beings partake in one way or another of the spirit, no matter how “inert” they may appear to us to be, such as a mountain or a rock. They are also involved in an infinite network of relationships that are the manifestation of the spirit. Formalizing it we could say: the spirit in us is that moment of consciousness in which consciousness becomes aware of itself, feels like part of a greater whole, and perceives that a Link connects and reconnects all beings, resulting in the existence of a cosmos, rather than chaos.

This understanding awakens in us a feeling of belonging to this Whole, of kinship with the other beings of creation, of appreciation for its intrinsic value, by virtue of the simple fact of existing, and of revealing something of the mystery of the universe.

When speaking of sustainability in its more global meaning, we need to incorporate this moment of cosmic, earthly and human spirituality, for it to be complete, and integral, and to strengthen the force of its sustainability.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Men and women: creative new relations

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

Creativity is the dynamic of the universe. Its natural state is not stability but creative change. Everything is the fruit of either natural or human creation. The Earth is the fruit of a mysterious Creative Energy, full of purpose. One day, a primitive fish “decided”, in a creative act, to leave the water and explore the solid earth. The amphibians came from that creative act, then the reptiles, followed by the dinosaurs and finally the mammals, including us.

If we had not been creative, we never would have reached where we are now. Let’s consider the man-woman relationship, a central point of the present discussion of the Catholic Church. We know that ten thousand years ago, history was marked by patriarchy. Patriarchy has meant a Way of the Cross of suffering for all women. But what has been historically constructed can also be historically deconstructed. This is the hope that underlies the struggles of oppressed women and their allies among men, the hope of a new level of civilization, no longer stigmatized by gender domination.

Men and women are ever more defined now, not by their biological gender or cultural factors, but by the fact of being persons. By person we understand here everyone who senses being the owner of himself or herself, and who exercises the freedom of defining and living his or her own life. The capacity of self production in liberty (autopoiesis) is the supreme dignity of the human being, and should not be denied to anyone.

After the recognition of the person as person, the values of cooperation and democracy as universal values are decisive, in the sense of participation in social life, from which women historically have been excluded.

Its absence helped establish the historic domination and subordination of women. Today, through the cooperation of both men and women, within an ethic of solidarity and mutual caring, is when inclusive and egalitarian relationships will be built.

Cooperation implies mutual trust and respect in an environment where coexistence is founded on love, in proximity, in open dialogue, as Pope Francis has insisted and shows.

Noted Chilean biologist Humberto Maturana rightly points out: the persistence of patriarchy represents an attempt to regress to a pre-human level, which would take us back to the level of the chimpanzees, social but domineering.

This is why the struggle to overcome patriarchy is a struggle to rescue our true humanity. Women, because they are women, receive lower salaries for doing the same work that men do. And women comprise more than half of humanity.

Democracy, participatory and without end, fundamentally means participation, a sense of right and duty and a sense of co-responsibility. Other than a form of organizing the State, democracy is a value to be lived whenever and wherever human beings are found. This democracy is not restricted to humans, but is open to the other living beings of the biotic community, because it recognizes in them rights and dignity. Integral democracy possesses, then, a socio-cosmic characteristic.

The overcoming of the ancestral war of the sexes and of the oppressive and repressive politics against women will succeed in proportion to the degree that real and daily democracy is introduced and practiced. In the name of this banner, the great feminist writer Virginia Woolf (1882-1941) could proclaim: “As a woman I do not have a fatherland, as a woman I do not want a fatherland, as a woman my fatherland is the world”.

The struggle against patriarchy supposes a regeneration of man. In this task man surely could not leap forward by himself. Hence the importance of the woman by his side. She can evoke in men the feminine side that is hidden under secular ashes, and can be the co-midwife of a new humanizing relationship.

The first task is to strengthen the ties of mutual interaction and egalitarian cooperation between men and women. Here a pedagogic process is required, along the lines of Paulo Freire: no one liberates any one, but together, men and women liberate themselves in a shared process of creative freedom.

In this new context those values of feminine socialization that are considered ancient and proper, must be recuperated, but now they must be shouted to the ears of men, and together with women, they must try to live them. It is about a humanitarian ideal for both men and women. I will allow myself to rescue some:

– People are more important than things. Each person must be treated humanely and with respect.

– Violence is never an acceptable means of solving problems.

– It is better to help than to exploit people, offering special attention to the poor, the excluded and the children.

– Cooperation, association and sharing are preferable to competition, self-affirmation and conflict.

– In decisions that affect all, each person has the right to say his or her word and to participate in the development of the collective decision.

– To be profoundly convinced that truth is on the side of justice, solidarity and love, and that domination, exploitation and oppression are on the wrong side.

These values, in times past thought of as feminine, were manipulated by the patriarchal mentality to keep women subordinated and docile. Today, as the face of the world and society are changing, those values may save us. That is the reason men and women must be creative in their relationships, because that way they humanize themselves.

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

“Beauty will save the world” – Dostoyevski tells us how

Leonardo Boff6 Comentários

We learned from the Greeks, and then it was passed down through the centuries, that all beings, no matter how different they may be, have three transcendental characteristics (they are always present, regardless of situation, place and time): they are, unum, verum et bonum, that is, the being enjoys an internal unity that maintains its existence; it is truthful, because it presents itself as it is in reality, and it is good, because it is well adapted for its role alongside other beings, helping them exist and coexist.

The Medieval Franciscan masters, such as Alexandre de Hales and especially Saint Bonaventure, were those who, carrying on a tradition that came from Dionysius Aeropagita and Saint Augustine, ascribed another transcendental characteristic to the being: pulchrum, that is, beauty. Surely based in personal experience, Saint Francis, who was a poet and a aesthetic of exceptional quality, who “in the beauty of the creatures would see the Most Beautiful,” enriched our understanding of the being through the dimension of beauty. All beings, even those that appear repugnant to us, viewed with affection, in their details and in their whole, offer, each in its own way, a unique beauty, if not in its form, in the way the whole is articulated with surprising equilibrium and harmony.

One of the greatest connoisseurs of beauty was Fyodor Dostoyevski. Beauty was so central to his life, as we are told by the Benedictine monk and great spiritualist Anselm Grün, in his last book, Beauty: a new spirituality of the joy of living, (Belleza: una nueva espiritualidad de la alegría de vivir, Vier Türme Verlag, 2014), that the great Russian novelist would go every year to Dresde to contemplate Raphael’s beautiful Madonna Sixtina. He would remain for long periods contemplating that splendid work. This fact is surprising, because his novels delved into the most obscure and even perverse areas of the human soul. But in fact what moved him was the search for beauty. He gave us this famous phrase: “Beauty will save the world”, in his novel, The Idiot.

In the The Brothers Karamazov, Dostoyevski deepens the question. An atheist, Ippolit, asks prince Mischkin: “How could ‘beauty save the world’?” The prince says nothing but goes to an 18 year old young man in agony. And he stays with him, filled with compassion and love, until the young man dies. With that the prince wanted to express that beauty is what takes us to love, shared with suffering; the world will be saved now and always so long as that gesture exists. And how we miss it now!

For Dostoyevski, the contemplation of Raphael’s Madonna was his personal therapy. Without it he would have despaired for mankind and for himself, with all the problems he saw. In his writings he described evil and destructive people, and others who were close to the abyss of desperation. But his vision, that rhymed love with shared suffering, managed to see beauty in the soul of the most perverse characters. For Dostoyevski, the opposite of the beautiful was not the ugly, but the utilitarian; the spirit of using others, and thereby stealing their dignity.

“We surely cannot live without bread, but it is also impossible to exist without beauty”, Dostoyevski would repeat. Beauty is more than aesthetics, it possesses an ethical and religious dimension. He saw in Jesus one who sowed beauty. “He was an example of beauty and He planted it in people’s souls, so that through beauty they all would become brothers to each other”. Dostoyevski does not refer to loving the other. To the contrary: it is beauty that elicits love and makes us see in the other someone to be loved.

Our culture, dominated by marketing, sees beauty as a bodily construction, and not as the totality of the person. Consequently plastic surgery, botox and other methods appear to make people more “beautiful”. As an artificial beauty, it has no soul. And if we look closely, this fabricated beauty results in a cold beauty, with an aura of artificiality that lacks radiance. This evokes vanity, not love, because beauty has to do with love and communication. In The Brothers Karamazov, Dostoyevski observes that a face is beautiful when one can perceive that in it, God and the Devil litigate about good and evil. When one perceives that good is victorious, there arises an expressive beauty, soft, natural and radiant. Which beauty is better: the beauty of the cold face of a top model, or the wrinkled and radiant face of Sister Dulce from Salvador de Bahia, or of Mother Teresa from Calcuta? Beauty is a radiance of the being. In the two Sisters that radiance is manifest, in the top model, it has no strength.

Pope Francis has given special importance in the transmission of the Christian faith to the via pulchritudinis (the path of beauty). That the message is good and just is not enough. It has to be beautiful, because only that way can it touch people’s hearts and elicit the love that attracts, (Exhortation The joy of the Gospel, n 167). The Church does not seek proselytizing, but the attraction that comes from beauty and the love whose characteristic is splendor.

Beauty has value in itself. It is not utilitarian. It is like the flower that flowers just to flower. It does not matter if it is seen or not, as the mystic Angelus Silesius says. But, who is not fascinated by a flower that gratuitously smiles to the universe? Thus we must live beauty in the midst of a world of interests, exchanges and merchandise. Then beauty makes real its Sanskrit origin, Bet-El-Za, meaning “the place where God shines”. It shines for everything and also makes us shine for the beautiful.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

We Are Living the Times of Noah

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

We are living the times of Noah. Having a premonition that a flood would come, old Noah asked people to change their lives. But no one would listen to him. To the contrary, “they ate and drank, got married and gave themselves in matrimony until the Flood happened that caused everyone to perish” (Lk 17,27; Gn 6-9).

The 2000 scientists of the IPCC, who study the Earth’s climate, are our present day Noahs. Their third and last report, of April 13, 2014, carries a very grave warning: we only have 15 years to prevent Earth’s climate from rising more than 2 degrees centigrade. If we exceed that, we will experience something like the Flood. None of the 196 heads of State has said a word. The great majority continue exploiting the natural resources, carrying on business as usual, speculating and consuming without stopping, just as in the days of Noah.

I discern three grave irresponsibilities: the general and also specific and supine ignorance of the Northamerican Congress that has rejected all measures against global warming; the manifest ill will of the majority of heads of State; and the lack of creativity to start preparing for a possible rescuing Arc. As a madman in a society of “wise men” I dare propose some initiatives. If they have any merit it is to point towards a new paradigm of civilization that could change the direction of history. They are:

1. To complement the dominant instrumental-analytic-scientific reason with emotional or cordial intelligence. Without this we will be unmoved on seeing the devastation of nature. Nor will we commit ourselves to rescuing and saving her.

2. To abandon the simplistic understanding of the Earth as a warehouse of resources, in favor of a vision of the living Earth, as a super living, auto-regulating organism, called Gaia.

3. To understand that, as humans, we are that part of the Earth that feels, thinks and loves, whose mission is to care for nature.

4. To proceed from the still-current conquest-domination paradigm, to that of caring and responsibility.

5. To understand that sustainability is only guaranteed if we respect the rights of nature and of Mother Earth.

6. To articulate the natural contract with nature, that presupposes the currently absent reciprocity with the social contract, that postulates the presently insufficient collaboration and inclusion of all.

7. El medio ambiente, the half-environment, does not exist, but the whole environment. The community of life is what exists, which has the same basic genetic code that establishes a relationship among all.

8. To abandon the obsession with growth/development in favor of redistributing the accumulated wealth.

9. We should produce to fulfill human needs, but always within the limits of the Earth and of each eco-system.

10. To keep under control the voracious productivity and limitless competition, in favor of cooperation and solidarity, because we all depend on each other.

11. To overcome individualism in favor of mutual cooperation, because this is the supreme logic of the process of evolution.

12. The common good for humans and nature must have primacy over the individual and corporate common good.

13. To move from the ethic of utilitarianism and efficiency to that of caring and responsibility.

14. To abandon individualistic consumerism in favor of shared sobriety. That which is more than we need, is what others lack.

15. To move from the maximization of growth to the optimization of prosperity, starting with the most needy.

16. Instead of permanent modernization, ecologize all knowledge and processes of production, seeking to protect the natural goods and services and to allow nature and the Earth to rest.

17. To replace the anthropocentric era, where the human being is a geophysical destructive force, with the ecozoic era, that ecologizes and includes all beings in the great earthly and cosmic system.

18. To value the infinite human/spiritual capital above the finite material capital, because the former carries the criteria for responsible interventions in nature and permanently nourishes the human/spiritual values of solidarity, caring, love and compassion, the bases for a society with justice, equality and respect for nature.

19. To combat the deception and depression caused by the unfulfilled promises of general well-being made by the culture of capital, by nourishing the hope-principle, the source of creative fantasy, of new ideas and of viable utopias.

20. To believe and to witness that, in the end, good will triumph over evil, truth over lies, and love over indifference. A ray of light will overcome the immensity of darkness.

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.