Categoria: English

The Nativity: a True Christian Myth

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

A few weeks ago, with pomp and circumstance, the present pope showed himself again as a theologian by publishing a book about the infancy of Jesus. He offers there the classic and traditional version that sees in those idyllic stories a historic narrative. The book was a surprise to theologians, because, for about 50 years, the biblical exegesis on these texts show that they are not historical, but a high and refined theology elaborated by the gospel writers Matthew and Luke (Mark and John do not say anything about Jesus’s infancy), in order to prove that Jesus really was the Messiah, the son of David and the Son of God.

To this end, they resorted to literary genres, that sound like history but in reality are literary devices, such as, for example, the Magi from the East (who represent the pagans), the shepherd (the most poor, considered to be sinners for dealing with animals), the Star and the angels (to show the divine character of Jesus), Bethlehem, not as a geographic reference, but to have a theological meaning, the place whence the Messiah would come, different from Nazareth, totally unknown, where Jesus probably was actually born. And similarly, other topics, as I analyze in detail in my book, Jesus Christ the Liberator, (Jesucristo el Liberador), chapter VIII.

With these moving stories of the Nativity we see a grandiose myth, understood positively, as anthropologists do: the myth that transmits a profound truth that only the mythic, figurative and symbolic language can adequately express. That is what the myth does. A myth is true when the meaning it transmits is true and illuminates the whole community. Thus, the Nativity of Jesus is a Christian myth, filled with truth.

We now use other myths to show the relevance of Jesus. To me there is great significance in an old myth the Church used in the liturgy of the Nativity to reveal the cosmic commotion caused by the birth of Christ.

It is said there:

«A profound silence fell at midnight. Then, the talkative leaves went silent, as if dead. The whispering wind stayed quiet in the air. The rooster that was crowing stopped in the middle of his song. Then, the running waters of the creek were paralyzed. The sheep that grazed turned immobile. The shepherd who raised his staff became petrified. In that moment everything stopped, everything was suspended, all was silence: Jesus, the savior of humanity and of the universe, was being born».

The Nativity tries to communicate to us that God is not a severe figure, with penetrating eyes to scrutinize our lives. God appears as a child. Not judgmental, but wanting only to be loved and to play.

And as it happens, from the Manger came a voice that whispered to me:

«Oh, human creature, why are you so afraid of God? Don’t you see that His mother wrapped His fragile little body? Don’t you see that He threatens no one? That He condemns no-one? Don’t you hear how He softly cries? More than to help, He needs to be helped and showered with love. Don’t you know that He is God-with-us like us?» And we no longer think, we open the way to the heart that feels, that is compassionate and loves. What else could we do before a Child who we know is God become human?

Perhaps no one has written of the Nativity better than the Portuguese writer Fernando Pessoa, who says: «He is the eternal child, the God who was missing. He is the divine one who laughs and plays. He is a child so human that He is divine».

Later on, they transformed the Child Jesus into Saint Nicholas, into Santa Claus and, finally, into Papa Noel. It is not important, because, deep down, the spirit of goodness, of proximity and of the Divine Gift is there. The editorialist Francis Church of theThe New York Sun was correct, when in 1897 he replied to Virginia, an 8 year old girl who wrote to him: «Dear Editor: please tell me the truth; is there a Santa Claus?»

And he wisely replied:

«Yes, VIRGINIA, there is a Santa Claus. He exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist, and you know that they abound and give to your life its highest beauty and joy. Alas! how dreary would be the world if there were no Santa Claus. It would be as dreary as if there were no VIRGINIAS. There would be no childlike faith then, no poetry, no romance to make tolerable this existence. We should have no enjoyment, except in sense and sight. The eternal light with which childhood fills the world would be extinguished.».

In this holiday, lets try to see with the eyes of the heart. All of us have been educated to see with the eyes of reason, that’s why we are cold. Today we will recover the rights of the heart: we will let ourselves be moved by our children, let them dream and be filled with tender affection before the Divine Child who felt pleasure and happiness when He said He was one of us.

Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Nativity: Realizing the PUER AETERNUS, the ETERNAL CHILD

Leonardo Boff2 Comentários

The Nativity always provides an opportunity to return to original Christendom. In the first place, there is the message of Jesus: the experience of God as Father, with characteristics of Mother; unconditional love, mercy and complete surrender to a dream: the dream of the Kingdom of God. In the second place, there is the Jesus movement: those who, without adhering to any confession or dogma, let themselves be fascinated by His generous and radically human saga and take Him as a valuable reference. In the third place are the theologies about Jesus, found in the Gospels, written 40-50 years after His execution on the cross. The communities underlying each of the Gospels elaborated their interpretations about the life of Jesus, His practice, His conflicts with the authorities, His experience of God and of the meaning of His death and resurrection. However, they obscured His figure with so many doctrines that it is difficult to know who the historical Jesus who lived among us really was. And lastly, there are the Churches that attempt to carry on the legacy of Jesus, one of which, the Catholic Church, claims to be the only true guardian of His message and exclusive interpreter of its meaning. Such pretension makes ecumenical dialogue and the unity of the Churches practically impossible, other than through conversion.

We tend to say now that no one Church can appropriate Jesus. He belongs to all of humanity and represents a gift that God offered to all, from every corner of the Earth.

Taking the Catholic Church as a reference, we note that in her millenarian history, two tendencies, among other minor ones, were highly developed. The first is very much founded on guilt, sin, and penance. The Catholic Church overlays those realities with the specter of hell, purgatory, and fear.

In essence, we can say that fear was one of the fundamental factors in the penetration of Christianity, as Jean Delumeau has shown in his classic, Fear in Occident (El miedo en Occidente, 1989). The method in the time of Charlemagne was: accept conversion, or you will be converted by the sword. Reading the first catechisms from Latin America, such as the first one by Fray Pedro de Cordoba, Christian Doctrine, (Doctrina Cristiana, 1510 and 1544), this tendency is clearly seen. It begins with an idyllic description of heaven, followed by a horrendous description of hell «where all your ancestors, fathers, mothers, grandparents and relatives are… and where you will go if you do not convert.» There are sectors of the Church that, even today, use these categories of fear and hell.

Another tendency, more contemporary, and I think closer to Jesus, emphasizes compassion and love, the original justice and the good ending of creation. It understands that the history of salvation occurs within human history, and not as an alternative to human history. From it comes a more jovial profile of Christianity, in dialogue with modern cultures and values.

The feast of the Nativity is linked to this last tendency of Christianity. What is celebrated is a God-child, who lies crying between the cow and the bull, and who neither evokes fear nor judges anyone. It is good that Christians return to this figure. It represents the archetypical puer aeternus: the eternal child that, deep down, we never stop being.

One of the best disciples of C. G. Jung, Marie-Louise von Franz, analyzed this archetype in detail in her book, Puer Aeternus (Paulinas, 1992). It contains a certain ambiguity. If we leave the child behind, it unleashes regressive energies of longings for a world already gone, one which was never totally overcome and integrated. We continue being childish.

But if we put the Eternal Child before us, then He elicits in us a renewal of life, innocence, new possibilities of action that run towards the future.

These, then, are the feelings we want to nourish in this Nativity, in the midst of a somber situation for the Earth and for humanity: Feelings that we still have a future and can save ourselves, because the Star is magnanimous and the puer is eternal, and because He became flesh in this world and will not permit it to totally drown. The humanity and joviality of the God of all nations were manifested in Him. Everything else is vanity.

Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Satisfying Fundamental Human Needs

Leonardo Boff4 Comentários

The human being is, by nature, a creature of many needs. Humans require great determination to satisfy them sufficiently to be able to live, not miserably, but with a quality life. Behind each need lies hidden a fear and a desire: a desire to satisfy the needs in the best way possible and the fear of not being able to do so, and, consequently, to suffer. Those who have, fear its loss: those who have nothing, want to have. Such is the dialectic of human existence.

Teachers from very different traditions of humanity and from the sciences of the human being, more or less converge on the following fundamental needs:

We have biological needs: in a word, we need to eat, to drink, to be clothed and to have security. A large part of our time is devoted to satisfying those needs. The great majority of humanity can barely satisfy them, either for lack of work, or because solidarity and compassion are scarce. The first petition to Our Father is for our daily bread, because hunger cannot wait.

But we do not ask God to make miracles every day, so as to avoid having to make the bread ourselves. We ask for favorable weather and fertile soil, and for cooperation in producing and distributing the food. Only then do we exorcise fear and take care of our basic desire.

Furthermore, we have a need for security: we could get sick and succumb to dangers that extinguish our lives. Those dangers can come from nature, tempests, the suns’ rays, prolonged droughts, landslides, and all forms of accidents. They can come, principally, from humans themselves, who carry within not only the instinct for life but also the instinct for death; a human can lose self control and eliminate the other. All this produces fear in us. And we hope to escape it. The fact of having lived in caves and then in houses shows our search for security.

The reality is that we can never control all the factors. We can always be innocent victims, or the guilty ones. And then we call out to God, not for God to remove us from the edge of the abyss, but for God to give us the courage to avoid it and to survive.

We have, in the third place, the need to belong: we are social beings. We belong to a family, to an ethnic group, to a place, a country, to the planet Earth. What makes suffering painful is loneliness, not having a friendly shoulder to lean on, not having a helping hand. As we are the fruit of the care of our mothers, who carried us in their arms, we want to die holding the hand of someone near us or of the one who loves us.

In the depth of the existential abyss we call out for our mother or for God. And we know that God listens to us because God is sensitive to the voices of his sons and daughters, and feels the trembling of our terrified hearts. To be reduced to loneliness is to be condemned to an existential hell and to the absence of any communion. This is why it is important to satisfy the feeling of belonging, otherwise we feel like abandoned dogs wandering through the world.

In the fourth place, we have a need for self esteem. To exist is not enough. We need for our existence to be welcome, for someone by words and deeds tells us: «welcome among us, you can count on us». Rejection forces us, even though we are alive, to sense the experience of death. Thus, we need to be recognized as persons, with our differences and peculiarities. Otherwise, we are like a plant without nourishment that withers until it dies. How important it is when someone calls us by name and embraces us. Our negated humanity is restored, and we can forge ahead with hope and without fear.

Finally, we have the need for self-realization. This is the longing and challenge of the human being: to be able to realize itself and to become human. What makes the human being human? We do not exactly know, because even the inhumane is part of the human. We are a mystery to ourselves. It is not that we know nothing about humans. To the contrary, the more we know, the more the dimensions of what we do not know are magnified. We yearn for the stars, whence we came.

But we know enough to discover that we are beings who are open to the other, to the world, and to the Whole. We are beings of unlimited desire. No matter how we search for something to placate our desire, we do not find it among the beings around us. We desire the essential Being and we only bump into accidental beings. How then, can we accomplish self-realization, if we perceive ourselves as an infinite project?

In this regard it makes sense to speak of God as the essential Being and the obscure object of our infinite desire. Only God fills the characteristic of the Infinite, adequate to our infinite project. Consequently, self-realization implies becoming involved with God. To become involved with God is to awaken the spirituality in us, the capacity for feeling the powerful and loving Energy that passes through all reality. It is to be able to see in the wave, the sea and in the drop of water, the immensity of the Amazon River. Spirituality is to feel the hunger and the thirst for a final refuge, to feel secure in the arms of a trusted one, where, in the end, all our needs will be satisfied, where all our fears die and where we could rest.

As long as we do not develop that Center in ourselves, we will always feel that we are in our own prehistory; whole beings, but unfinished, and in the end, frustrated.

When we enter into communion with the essential Being, through silent and unconditional surrender, through prayer and meditation, we open an incomparable and irreplaceable fountain of energies. The effect is pure joy, a levity of life, a possible blessedness for the wayfarers.

Translation: Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The Ethical and Humanitarian Communism of Oscar Niemeyer

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

I did not have many encounters with Oscar Niemeyer, but those I had were long and intense. What would an architect and a theologian talk about, if not of God, religion, injustice against the poor, and the meaning of life?

In our conversations, I sensed someone with a profound saudade of God. He envied me because, even though he considered me an intelligent person, I still believed in God, something he could not do. But I would calm him down by saying: what is important is not to believe or not to believe in God, but to live ethically, with love, solidarity and compassion for those who suffer most. Because at the dusk of life, that is what counts. And in this respect he was very solid. His gaze would be lost in the distance, with a soft glow.

He was once very impressed when I told him this phrase from a medieval theologian: «If God exists as things exists, then God does not exist». And he asked: «what does that mean?» I replied: «God is not an object that can be found anywhere; if it were so, God would be part of the world and not God». But then he would ask: «and what is that God?» And almost in a whisper, I told him: «God is like a species of powerful and loving Energy that creates the conditions so that things may exist; God is more or less like the eye: that sees all but cannot see Itself; or like the thought: the strength through which the thought thinks, can not be thought». He remained thoughtful, but continued: «Christian theology says that?» And I replied: «Christian theology says that, but it is ashamed of saying it, because then it should be silent instead of talking; and it is always talking, especially the popes». But I comforted him with a line attributed to the great Argentinean, Jorge Luis Borges: «Theology is a curious science: in her all is true because all is invented». Niemeyer was amused by that. And he found very graceful the beautiful trouvaille of a sweeper of Rio de Janeiro, the famous Gari Sorriso: «God is the wind and the moon; the dynamic of growing, applause for the one who climbs up and help for the one who is descending». I suspect Oscar would have no difficulty accepting that God, who is so humane and so near us.

He smiled softly and I took the opportunity to say: «Is it not the same with your architecture? In architecture all is simple and beautiful, not because it is rational, but because all is invented and the fruit of the imagination». He agreed with that, adding that he found more inspiration for architecture by reading poetry, novels, and fiction, than by giving himself to intellectual elucidation. I said to him: «in religion it is more or less like that: the greatness of religion is fantasy, the utopic capacity of projecting kingdoms of justice and heavens of happiness. And great modern religious thinkers such as Bloch, Goldman, Durkheim, Rubem Alves and others do not say anything different: our error was to place religion within reason, when its natural niche is found in the imagination and the principle of hope. There religion reveals its truths and can inspire in us the meaning of life».

To me, the greatness of Oscar Niemeyer is not only his genius, which is recognized and praised around the world, but his conception of life and in the depth of his communism. To him, «life is a gust of wind», light and fleeting, but one to be lived with total integrity. Above all, life to him was not pure enjoyment, but creativity and work. He worked up to the end, like Picasso, producing more than 600 works. And, since he was a complete being, he cultivated the arts, literature and sciences. He had began to study cosmology and quantum physics late in life. He was filled with admiration and amazement at the immensity of the universe.

But above all, he cultivated friendship, solidarity and the esteem of everyone. «Architecture is not what is important» he repeated many times, «what is important is life». But not just any life; a life lived in search of the necessary transformation to overcome injustice against the poor, one that improves this perverse world, a life that translates into solidarity and friendship. In the Jornal do Brasil, 21/04/2007, he confessed: «The fundamental is to recognize that life is unjust, and that only by lending each other a hand, as brothers and sisters, can we live life better».

His communism is very close to the communism of the early Christians, as written about in The Acts of the Apostles, chapters 2 and 4. There is said that, “Christians put everything in common and there were no poor among them”. Consequently, it was not an ideologic communism, but ethical and humanitarian one: to share, to live with sobriety, as he always lived, to divest oneself of money, and help those who need it. Everything should be in common. To a journalist who asked him if he would take a pill to have eternal youth, he coherently replied: «I would accept it if it were for all the world; I do not want immortality only for myself».

A moment that stayed with me, occurred at the beginning of the 1980s. Oscar was in Petropolis, and invited me to have lunch with him. I had returned that day from Cuba, where, at the request of Fidel Castro, with Frei Betto, we had dialogued for several years with different echelons of government, (always watched over by the SNI) to see if we could extract them from their dogmatic and rigid conceptions of Soviet Marxism. Those were tranquil times in Cuba. With the support of the Soviet Union, it could carry out its splendid projects of health, education and culture. I shared with him the fact that, no matter where I had gone in Cuba, I never found favela-like shanty towns, but a dignified and industrious poverty. I told him a thousand things about Cuba that, according to Frei Betto, was at that time, «a Bahia that had flourished». His eyes would shine. He almost did not eat. He was filled with enthusiasm, at seeing that, somewhere in the world, his dream of communism could, at least in part, become embodied and be good for the majorities.

It was great my surprise when, two days later, an article by him appeared in the Folha de São Paulo, with a beautiful drawing of three mountains with a cross above. Above it, it said: «Coming down the highland of Petropolis to Rio, I, who am an atheist, prayed to the God of Brother Boff that the situation of the Cuban people may one day be a reality in Brazil». That was the warm, soft and radically human generosity of Oscar Niemeyer.

I have an everlasting remembrance from him. From Darcy Ribeiro, who was a friend-brother of Oscar, I acquired a small apartment in the Alto de Boa-Vista neighborhood, in the Enchanted Valley. From there, the entire Barra de Tijuca can be seen, up to the end of the Recreio de los Bandeirantes. Oscar remade that apartment for his friend, in such a way that, Darcy (who was small in stature) could always see the sea. He made a platform about 50 centimeters high, and, since it could not be otherwise, with a beautiful curve for a corner, as a sea wave on the body of a beloved woman. There I retire when I want to write or meditate a little, because a theologian also must take care to save his soul.

On two occasions, he offered to design a model of a small church for the place where I live, Araras in Petropolis. I declined because I considered it unjust to revalue my property with the work of such a genius as Niemeyer. After all, God is neither in heaven nor on Earth, but there where the doors are open.

Life is not destined to disappear with death, but to be transfigured alchemically through death. Oscar Niemeyer has only passed to the other side of life, to the invisible side. But the invisible forms part of the visible. Because of that, he is not absent, but present, if invisible. But always with the same sweetness, softness, friendship, solidarity and love that always characterized him. And wherever he is, he will be fantasizing, projecting and creating worlds that are beautiful, curved and filled with lightness.

Translation:
Melina Alfaro, volar@fibertel.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.