Categoria: Idiomas

Even these rough winds will lead us to a safe harbor

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

Brazilians are used to “facing life” and to accomplishing everything “in the struggle and with great effort”, this is, they are used to overcoming difficulties, with much hard work. Why would the Brazilian people not also face the latest challenge of making the needed changes, in the midst of the present crisis, that would lead us to the right path of justice for all.

The Brazilian people is still being birthed. We inherited Brazil the Enterprise, with an enslaving elite and destitute masses. But from the core of the masses leaders and social movements with consciousness and organization were born. Their dream? To reinvent Brazil..

The process began from below and no longer can be stopped, either by the successive coups, such as the civic-military one of 1964, and the parliamentary-juridical-mass communications-media coup of 2016.

In spite of the poverty, exclusion and perverse social inequality, the poor wisely invented paths to survival. To overcome this anti-reality, the State and politicians must listen to and value all that the people already know and have invented. Only then will we have overcome the division between the elites and the people and rather than a divided, be a united, nation.

The Brazilian maintains a commitment to hope. Hope is the last to die. This is why the Brazilian people understands that God writes correctly in crooked lines. Hope is the secret of the optimism that allows them to make the dramas relative, to dance at their carnivals, struggle for the football team, and keep alive the utopia where life is beautiful and tomorrow will be better. Hope takes us to Ernst Bloch’s hope-principle that is more than a virtue; it is a vital pulse that enables us to form new dreams, utopias and projects for a better world.

In the present moment, with the country all but shipwrecked, some fear exists. However, the opposite of fear is not courage. It is the faith that things can be different, that the people organized can move forward. Brazil proved that she not only is good at carnival and music, but can be good at agriculture, architecture, the arts and in her never ending joy of living.

One characteristic of Brazilian culture is joviality and a sense of humor. These help us endure the social contradictions. That joyful joviality is born of the conviction that life is worth more than anything else. This is why it must be celebrated with feasts and in the face of failures, maintaining the sense of humor that makes things relative and bearable. The result is the levity and vivaciousness that so many admire in us.

A marriage is occurring that never before existed in Brazil: the union of academic and popular knowledge. Popular knowledge is “knowledge born of experience,” that is, from the suffering and thousands of ways Brazilians have developed to survive on limited resources. Academic knowledge is born of study, drinking from many wells. When those two forms of knowledge are united, we will have created a new Brazil. And we will all be wiser.

Caring is part of the essence of the human being, and of all life. Without caring we fall ill and die. With caring, things are protected and last much longer. The challenge now is to understand politics as caring for Brazil, her people, especially the most vulnerable, such as the Native peoples and Blacks, caring for nature, education, health, and justice for all. That type of caring is proof that we love our country, and that we love everyone in our country.

A trademark of the Brazilian people, well analyzed by anthropologist Roberto da Matta, is its capacity to relate to the whole world, to add, join, bring together two different, often opposite, currents, and to synthesize. For that reason, in general, Brazilians are neither intolerant nor dogmatic. The Brazilian likes to welcome foreigners. These values are fundamental to globalization with a human face. We are showing that this is possible and we are building it. Unfortunately, in the last few years, contrary to our traditions, a wave of hatred, discrimination, fanaticism, homophobia and contempt of the poor (the dark side of cordiality, according to Sergio Buarque de Holanda) has arisen, that shows us that we, as all human beings, are sapiens and demens, and now more demens. But that certainly will pass, and a more tolerant coexistence will prevail, one that will appreciate and respect differences.

Brazil is the main neo-Latin nation in the world. We have everything needed also to be the main tropical civilization, not imperial but solidarian with all nations, since Brazil incorporates within herself representatives of the 60 different peoples who came here. Our challenge is to show that, in fact, Brazil can be a small symbolic precursor, showing that everything can be resolved: a single humanity, united and diverse, seated at the table in a fraternal gathering, enjoying the fruits of our beautiful, great and generous Mother Earth, our Common Home.

Is this a dream? Yes it is. It is a good and necessary dream.

Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher.member of the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

 

III Continental Congress of Latin American and Caribbean Theology:

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

III Continental Congress of Latin American and Caribbean Theology:

“we are challenged by the cry of the poor and of the Earth”

From August 30 to September 2 in El Salvador, land of martyrs, especially of Don Oscar Arnulfo Romero, the III Continental Latinamerican and Caribbean Encounter of Theology was celebrated, on the occasion of 50th anniversary of the gathering of the Latin American and Caribbean bishops, that ensured a great change of the Roman Catholic Church towards the poor and their liberation. It was the baptism of the Church into this new phase of history. More than 600 persons from all over the Continent and the exterior attended, which shows the general interest in that event and its consequences. We offer here part of the final document that offers a very good summary of the event, which was promoted by the Red Amerindia of the Central American University of San Salvador: L. Boff.

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Message to the Caribbean and Latin American Peoples

1. Young men and women theologians, and some brothers and sisters from Evangelical and Pentecostal Churches, were present.

2. In those days we had relearned how to understand our faith, and to live it, starting from the principles taught us by Monsignor Oscar Romero, the murdered priest Ignacio Ellacuria, the martyred Sister Ita Ford, the tortured people’s lawyer Marianela Garcia-Villas, and many other brothers and sisters who became our teachers in following Jesus of Nazareth. Those men and women martyrs show us that we must live the faith, paying attention and giving importance to the socio-political and cultural reality, seen through the eyes of the impoverished.

3. In Medellin, the Church inserted herself into the processes of socio-political transformation occurring around the continent. We will not rest as long as we cannot have an economy at the service of the common good and of the caring of the Earth, the Water and all of Nature, to which we all belong, as her sons and daughters.

4. Around the whole continent, what in Medellin was called “institutionalized violence” continues to challenge us. The dominant society still today neither respects nor values either the indigenous communities of different ethnic nations, or their ancestral cultures.

5. We join in the struggles of the women who, in every country, are victims of diverse types of violence. We recognize the contribution of the Black theologies during these 50 years, the contributions of the Original Nations and, in particular, the proposal made by the Feminist Theology, in contemplating a Church founded in fact as a discipleship of equals. We assumed the plight of the victims of sexual abuse committed against children, teenagers, against women and against our brothers and sisters of the LGBT communities. It is urgent that we change the patriarchal and clerical structure of our Churches.

6. We know about the massacres of young people, especially the poor and, in some countries, the mostly Black victims of the worsening conditions of life and urban violence. Some of our young theologians are joining these struggles in creative forms.

7. The conquests of new social and political processes belong to the people and deserve to be defended, starting from the bases.

8. We denounced the responsibility of the Northamerican empire in continuing its policy of destabilizing governments that do not bend to its colonialist imperial demands.

9. We will continue struggling against the xenophobic, racist and inhumane policies of the President of the United States, practiced against migrants, especially our poor brothers and sisters who attempt to cross the border between the United States and Mexico.

10. The Medellin Conference proposed a prophetic Church at the service of the liberation of our peoples, starting from the preferential option for the poor. We want to commit ourselves today to the project of a more synodical and courageous Church, in permanent dialogue with humanity, especially with the social movements organized to change the world.

11. We recognize as a sign of the Spirit the proposal of “Good Living”, that we received from the original Nations of our Continent. We understand that “good living” is a path of a society of communion that prefers the common good over the individual, and takes seriously the rights of our sister, Mother Earth, and of Life.

The Zapatistas of Southern Mexico taught us: We are an army of dreamers. For that reason, we are invincible. As Saint Oscar Romero de las Americas said: “let’s continue doing what we can do, because what is important is that we do”. In that firm and unbreakable hope, the force of the Spirit that is expressed in the strength of the poor, illuminates and guides all of us though the paths of the Kingdom.

Note: Everyone present signed a text in support to Pope Francis who is lately enduring opposition and resistance from conservative groups that do not want change to the ways the Christian faith is lived in these present, troubled, days.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Leonardo Boff, lboff@leonardoboff.eco.br.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The current demise of ethics

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

Between July 10 and 13, 2018, an international congress organized by the Society of Theology and Sciences of Religion, (Sociedad de Teología y Ciencias de la Religión, SOTER) on the subjects, Religion, Ethics and Politics was celebrated in Belo Horizonte, Brazil,. The expositions were very timely, and of superior quality. I will only deal with the debate on the Demise of Ethics, that I introduced.
In my understanding two factors have touched the heart of ethics: the process of globalization and the commercialiization of society.
Globalization has revealed the different types of ethics, based on cultural differences. Western ethics, one of many, has been relativized. The great Oriental cultures and the cultures of the original Nations have shown that we can be ethical in very different forms.
For example, the Maya culture centers everything in the heart, because everything was born from the love of the two great hearts: those of the Heavens and of the Earth. The ethical ideal is to create in all persons hearts that are sensible, just, transparent and true: the ethics of “good living and coexisting” of the nations of the Andes, centered in the equilibrium of all things, among human beings, with Nature and with the Universe.
A consequence of this variety of ethical paths has been generalized relativity. We know that law and order, values of basic practical ethics, are prerequisites for any civilization anywhere in the world. The ethical disaster that we now foresee is because humanity is yielding ground to barbarity, towards a true worldwide age of darkness.
Shortly before his death in 2017, thinker Sigmund Bauman warned: “either humanity joins hands to save all of us together; or together we will swell the funeral procession of those who walk towards the abyss”. What kind of ethics could guide us as humanity living in the same Common Home? The second great obstacle to ethics is the commercialization of society, that already in 1944, Karl Polanyi called “The Great Transformation”. That is the phenomenon of transitioning from a market economy to a society of pure commerce. Everything is transformed into merchandise, which Karl Marx already foresaw in his 1848 text The Poverty of Philosophy, where he noted that the most sacred things, such as truth and consciousness, would be commercialized; and this would be the “time of great corruption and universal venality”. We are now living in that time. The economy, especially the speculative sector, dictates the path of politics and of society as a whole. Competition is its trademark and solidarity has practically disappeared.
Which is the ideal ethics of this type of society? The capacity for unlimited accumulation and limitless consumption, that creates a great gap between a very small group that controls most of the world economy and the great majorities, who are excluded and drowning in hunger and misery. Here are revealed traits of barbarity and cruelty as rarely have been seen in history.
We must go back to create an ethics rooted in that which is specifically ours as human beings and which, for that reason, is universal and can be adopted by all.
I believe that in the very first place, is the ethics of caring. According to the fable 220 of the slave Higinio, well interpreted by Martin Heidegger in Being and Time, it consists of the ontological substratum of the human being, that group of factors without which the human being and other living beings never could have arisen. Because caring pertains to the human essence, we all can live and give in concrete ways, according to our cultures. Caring presupposes a friendly and loving relationship with reality, an extended hand for solidarity and not a clenched fist for domination. Life is at the center of caring. The civilization must be bio-centered.
Another part of our human essence is solidarity and the ethics that derives from solidarity. We now know from bio-anthropology that it was solidarity among our anthropoid ancestors that allowed them to hone their animal state into humanity. They searched for food and consumed it together, in solidarity. We all live because there existed, and still exists, a minimum of solidarity, starting with the family. What was foundational yesterday, continues to be so today..
Another aspect closely tied to our humanity is the ethics of universal responsibility. Either we together undertake responsibility for the destiny of our Common Home, or together we will walk a path of no return. We are responsible for the sustainability of Gaia and the ability of her ecosystems to flourish within the whole community of life.
Philosopher Hans Jonas, who first elaborated “The Principle of Responsibility”, added the importance of collective fear. When collective fear arises and humans start to realize that they may come to a tragic end and even disappear as a species, a primordial fear erupts that puts them into survival mode ethics. The unconscious presupposition is that the value of life is greater than any other value: cultural, religious or economic.
Finally, it is important to resurrect the ethics of justice for all. Justice is the minimum right that we must guarantee the other to be able to continue coexisting and receiving what we as people deserve. In particular, the institutions must be just and equitable, to avoid class privilege and the social exclusions that produce so many victims, particularly in our country, which is one of the most unequal and most unjust in the world. This explains the hatred and discrimination that tear society apart. They come not from the people but from the moneyed elites that have always lived a privileged life, and who do not allow the poor to move even one rung up on the social ladder. We presently live under an exceptional regime in, where the Constitution and the laws of the country are trampled by the Lawfare (the distorted interpretation of the law practiced by a judge, so as to hurt the accused).
Justice has value not only among humans but also with nature and the Earth, which are.the carriers of rights and for that reason they must be included in our concept of socio-ecological democracy.
These are some minimum parameters for an ethics to be valid for each individual, and for all of humanity, gathered in our Common Home. We must incorporate an ethics of a shared sobriety to accomplish what Xi Jinping, supreme leader of China, used to call “a moderately supplied society”. This is a minimum and reachable ideal. Otherwise, we may experience a socio-ecological Armagedon.

Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher, Earthcharter Commission

The Brazilian crisis: part of the global crisis

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

Brazil can not be analyzed by thinking only about Brazil. No country, not even the isolated North Korea, is excluded from the international connections unavoidably created by globalization. Moreover, Brazil is the sixth largest economy in the world, which arouses the greed of the large corporations that want to come to Brazil, not to help with our inclusive development, but to accumulate more and more, given the size of our domestic market and the super abundance of our commodities, natural goods and services, which are ever more necessary to sustain the consumerism of the opulent countries.

Three names must be remembered, because they have shaped the present ecomonic framework and the politics of the world. The first name is without doubt Karl Polanyi, who back in 1944 observed “The Great Transformation” that was taking place in the world. From a market economy we were transitioning to a market society. That is, everything is for sale, even the most sacred things. Money is made from everything, which in his The Poverty of Philosophy, Marx called the great corruption and general venality. Even human organs, truth, conscience, and knowledge have been transformed into sources of profit. Everything follows the logic of capitalism: of competition, rather than solidarity, which causes societies to tear themselves apart in ferocious fights among industries.

Two other names must be mentioned: Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan. Due to the erosion of true socialism, capitalism emerged victorious, without the restrictions imposed by the restraints exerted by the socialist mode of production. Capitalism could now freely follow its individualistic logic of accumulation and consumerism. Thatcher firmly asserted that society does not exist: only individuals struggling against each other. Reagan advocated total market freedom, the reduction of the State privatization of national goods. It was the triumph of neoliberalism. Previously, with liberalism, using a metaphor, the table was set. The wealthy occupied it first and satiated themselves. The others found places somewhere in a corner of the table. But they were at the table. With neoliberalism, the table is set, but only those who can pay can participate. The others fight the dogs for a place under the table for the crumbs.

Neoliberal politics, established all over the world, gave free rein to the great corporations to accumulate all they could. Wall Street’s motto was and still is: greed is good. The drive to accumulate has resulted in a few persons controlling a great part of the wealth of the world, creating an ocean of poor, miserable and starving people. Since the capitalist culture knows neither compassion nor solidarity, but only competition and the supremacy of the strongest, the world has developed a level of barbarity rarely seen in history.

From my point of view, capitalism as a mode of production and its political ideology, neoliberalism, have reached their end, in two senses. They have accomplished their end, that is, their objective-end: supreme accumulation. And they approach their end, as finality and extinction. Not because we want it, but because the Earth, with her limited goods and services, largely non-renewable, cannot support such unlimited usage indefinitely. The Earth herself will make it impossible. Either the mode of production and consumption will change, or it will be condemned to disappear. Since it lacks a sense of belonging, and treats nature as a mere thing to be uncontrollably exploited, it will continue on a path of no return, endangering the life-system and our very Common Home, that could become inhabitable.

In the theoretical basis of the Brazilian neoliberals, those who accomplished the coup and developed “The Bridge to the Future” (A Bridge to Failure), are possessed, without a trace of conscience or critique, by that bad neoliberal dream. They want a Brazil only for themselves, as a degraded province, attached to and dependent on the great Capitalist empire. That is our ruin and our disgrace. It prolongs dependency and the colonial logic.

The path of a country that had begun to take the first steps towards her re-founding, on other bases, values and principles, with her eyes wide open and her hands engaged in the politics of human development with social inclusion, has been shamelessly aborted. Here rests our true crisis, that involves all the particulars.

But what must be has strength. Therefore we hope and believe that we will overcome this painful journey on behalf of the vast majority, actually, of everyone. We will shine. In dark times such as ours, the poet sang: “It is dark; but I sing!”. Imitating him, I say: “in the midst of uncertainty we still dream, and it is a good dream, that foretells a beneficial reality for all”.

Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher and of theEarthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.