Categoria: Idiomas

Feer: the Enemy of the Joy of living

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

Around the world, as in Brazil, people today are tormented by a fear of assaults, some times deadly, and by stray bullets and terrorist attacks. The recent terrorist acts in Barcelona and London caused widespread fear, regardless of how many demonstrations of solidarity and calls for peace there were.

Getting to the bottom of matters, we must recognize that this generalized state of fear is ultimately a consequence of the type of society that has placed accumulation of material goods above people, and has established competition, rather than cooperation, as its most important value. Moreover, it has chosen violence as a means of solving personal and social problems.

Competition must be distinguished from emulation. Emulation is good, because it brings to the surface the best within us, and shows it with simplicity. Competition is problematic, because it means the victory of the strongest of the contenders, defeating all the others, which generates tension, conflict and wars.

There is no peace in a society where this logic has become hegemonic, only armistice. There is always the fear of losing, losing market share, competitive advantage, earnings, one’s place of work and of losing life itself.

The will to accumulate also produces anxiety and fear. Its dominant logic is this: those who do not have want to have; those who have, want more; and those who have more say: there is never enough. The will to accumulate feeds the structure of a desire that, as we know, is insatiable. Therefore, it seeks to guarantee the level of accumulation and consumption. That results in anxiety and a fear of not having, of losing the level of consumption, of descending in social status and, finally, of becoming poor.

The use of violence to solve problems between countries, as shown in the United States’ war against Iraq, is based on the illusion that by defeating or humiliating the other we can create peaceful coexistence. Something that is evil to the core, like violence, cannot be the source of a lasting good. A peaceful end demands peaceful means. Human beings can lose, but they will never tolerate wounds to their dignity. Wounds that cannot heal remain open, and there is always rancor and a spirit of revenge, a humus that nourishes terrorism, victimizing many innocent lives, as we have seen in so many countries.

Our society of a white, machista and authoritarian Western nature has chosen the path of repressive and aggressive violence. For that reason, Western societies are always involved in wars, ever more destructive, as the current war in Syria, with increasingly sophisticated guerrillas, and more frequent attacks. Behind these facts lurks an ocean of hatred, bitterness and the desire for revenge. Fear floats like a mantle of darkness over the collectives and individual people.

Caring by one for the other invalidates fear and its sequels. Caring constitutes a fundamental value for understanding life and the relationships between all beings. Without caring, life is neither born nor reproduced. Caring is the primary guide of behavior, so that its effects are good and strengthen coexistence.

To care for people is to get involved with them, to be interested in their well being, and to feel responsible for their destiny. Because of that, we care for all we love and we love all we care for.

A society that is guided by caring, caring for the Common Home, the Earth, caring for the ecosystems that guarantee the conditions of the biosphere and of our life, caring for the food security of everyone, caring for social relationships, so that they may be participatory, equitable, just and peaceful, caring for the spiritual environment of the culture, thereby allowing people to enjoy a positive sense of life, to accept limitations, aging and death itself as part of mortal life, such a society of caring will enjoy the peace and harmony needed for human coexistence.

It is in moments of great fear that the words of the 23rd Psalm gain special meaning: “The Lord is my shepherd, I shall not want”. The good shepherd assured: “though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil; for thou art with me”.

Who lives this faith feels accompanied by and in the palm of the hand of God. Human life gains lightness and maintains, even in the middle of risks and threats, a serene joyfulness and happiness of living. It does not much matter what will befall us, because it will happen in His love. He knows the path, and He knows it well.

Leonardo Boff Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher.Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

In defense of the nameless, invisible, workers

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

In spite of the threats to our Common Home; the Earth, attacked on all fronts by the type of culture that we have developed in the last two centuries, limitless exploitation of her finite goods and services, essentially for the material accumulation of a few; in spite of everything, she continues to generously offer us the beauty of the fruits, flowers, plants, animals and broad bio-diversity.

I am impressed by the tiny red and yellow flowers of the three vases that hang outside one of my windows. They happily smile to the universe. That reminds me of the phrase of the German mystic poet, Ángel Silesius, who says: «the flower does not have a why, the flower flourishes just to flower, the flower does not worry if she is being seen or not, the flower simply flourishes to flower».

We know that only a 5% of life is visible. The rest is invisible, made up of microorganisms, bacteria, virus and fungi. I have already written about this here and I repeat it with the words of one of the main living biologists, Edward O. Wilson: «only in one gram of earth, that is, in less than a handful, there are about 10 billion live bacteria, belonging to up to 6 thousand different species» (The Creation: how to save life on Earth, 2008, p. 26). If that is so only in a handful of earth, image the trillions of trillions of microorganisms that inhabit the Earth’s subsoil. That is why James Lovelock and his group are correct when they affirm that the Earth is a living super organism; not in the sense of an immense animal, but in the sense of a self regulating system that expresses the physical, chemical and ecological in such an intelligent and subtle form that it always produces and reproduces life. James Lovelock called her Gaia, a Greek name for the living Earth.

In nature nothing is superfluous. With a certain sense of humor Pope Francis wrote his encyclical letter, “On the Caring for the Common Home” making reference to Saint Francis, who would ask the friars to «leave a part of the field for the wild weeds», because they in their own way also praise the Creator.

We must care for these anonymous workers that guarantee the fertility of the soil and are responsible for the unimaginable diversity of her beings, the many fruits, the wide variety of flowers, the diversity of plants, and also the existence of human beings, each in their different ways of being what and who they are. With the billions of liters of agro-toxic (only in Brazil around 760 billion liters are poured on the ground) we are threatening and killing them. Humanity is the first species in the history of life, that has already been around for 3.8 billion years, that has become a lethal geophysical force. Humanity is the low meteor, capable of generating, for its lack of caring and for the death machine it has created, the conditions for the extermination of visible life and of our civilization. There are those who say that therefore a new geological era has been inaugurated, the anthropocentric era. But to those microorganisms that is meaningless. A naturalist, Jacob Monod, launched the idea that, due to the failure of our species, perhaps another being will arise, capable of holding the spirit, that will be more loving of life. Let’s consider these facts: of the small living and visible organisms, such as the ants, there are about 10 thousand billion, with a weight equivalent to the whole human population of 7.5 billion people. The insects, by the billions, are responsible for the pollenization of the flowers that, eventually, will give fruits.

Who could image that a simple wild herb from Madagascar would supply alkaloids that cure the majority of cases of acute childhood leukemia? Or that an obscure fungus from Norway would provide a substance that facilitates organ transplants? Even more surprising: from the saliva of leeches a blood thinner has been developed that prevents its coagulation during surgery.

As is deduced, all beings posses value in and of themselves, for the simple fact of having arisen throughout the millions of years of evolution, and of being generously useful to their brothers and sisters, the human beings. The species considered “harmful” that, in fact, are wild, enrich the soil, clean the waters, and pollinate the majority of flowering plants. Without them, our lives would be more vulnerable to disease, and could be much shorter. That legion of microorganisms and miniscule invertebrates, especially the nematodes that constitute four fifths of all living beings on the Earth, as biologists tell us, are neither useless nor fail to fulfill their function in the cosmogenic process. We need them to survive. They do not need us.

Saint Francis walked softly over the Earth, for fear of killing even a small bug. We walk trampling, unaware that, hidden in the subsoil, there are members of the community of life.

Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher,Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The auspicious meeting of Pachamama and Gaia

Leonardo Boff8 Comentários

I want to introduce a book that will be published soon in Brazil: Pachamama and the Human Being, (La Pachamama y el ser humano, Ediciones Colihue, 2012) by Eugenio Raúl Zaffaroni, well known in Brazil’s judicial circles. Zaffaroni is a distinguished Argentinean magistrate, a member of the Supreme Court from 2003 to 2014; and professor emeritus at the University of Buenos Aires.

Pachamama and the Human Being is among the best eco-philosophical contributions written of late. It is in the lineage of the 2015 encyclical, Laudato Si, on the Caring for the Common Home, by Pope Francis, also Argentinean. With admirable scientific and philosophical data, Zaffaroni addresses the question of integral ecology, especially social violence, and in particular, violence against animals.

The most important aspect of his book is its critique of the dominant paradigm, that arose with the founding fathers of the XVI and XVII century modernity that abruptly introduced a profound division between the human being and nature. The natural contract, present from time immemorial in the Occidental and Oriental culures, suffered a fatal and lethal blow.

The Earth stopped being The Magna Mater of ancient times, the Pachamama of the nations of the Andes… the Gaia of the contemporaries, something alive and a generator of life, and was transformed into an inert thing (the res extensa of Rene Descartes): a collection of resources at the disposal of the unlimited voracity of human beings. The formulation by Descartes is classic: the human being is the maître et possesseur of nature, namely, the human being is master and lord of nature. The human being can do with nature what the human being pleases. And humans have done exactly that.

Modern culture was built on the understanding that the human being is dominus, lord and owner of everything. Things do not have intrinsic value. Contrary to what later will be affirmed by the Earthcharter, and with powerful strength by Pope Francis’ encyclical letter, things have value only because they can serve human beings.

This is the project of power, understood as a capacity to dominate everything, based on who holds the most power. In this case, it was the Europeans, who carried out the program of subjugating nature, the invasion and conquest of the world, the colonization of whole nations, the genocide, ecocide and destruction of ancestral cultures. And they did it using the brutal strength of their weapons: the sword and the Cross. And now they accomplish it with weapons capable of extinguishing the human species.

Zaffaroni studies the emergence of this aspect of civilization, and does so with a great bibliographical wealth. Courageously and with great critical freedom, he faces the conceited coryphaeus of modern thinking like Friedrich Hegel, Herbert Spencer, Charles Darwin and Martin Heidegger. I will concentrate on his criticisms of the Hegel of the Geist, (spirit). With his philosophy-ideology Hegel became the main exponent of ethnocentrism. Spencer with his biologism enshrined the White race as superior and considered all other races inferior, which wound up legitimizing colonialism and all types of prejudice.

Zaffaroni touches the question of the animal, understood as a subject of rights. He writes: “in our judgment, the juridical value of the crime of mistreatment of animals is none other than recognition of the right of the animal itself not to be object of human cruelty, for which it is necessary to recognize the character of the animal as a subject of rights”. The author is harsh in demonstrating that “we have turned out to be the biological champions of intra-species destruction and the greatest inter-species predators”. His proposal is clear: “Only by substituting the knowledge of the dominus for the frater we can regain human dignity” and experience brotherhood and sisterhood with all other beings.

Latin America was the first to inaugurate an ecological constitutionalism, including the rights of nature and of Mother Earth in the Constitutions of Ecuador and Bolivia. Previously, and also for the first time, it was Mexico that introduced social rights in her Constitution of 1917. Zaffaroni eulogizes the creative potentialities inherent in the Andean vision of “good living and coexisting” (sumak kawsay) – the harmony of the human being with nature; and as also seen in Gaia – the Earth as a living, self-regulating super organism, always producing and reproducing life. Pachamama and Gaia are two paths that encounter each other “in a happy coincidence of the center and the periphery of planetary power”. Both are carriers of the hope for an Earth Common Home, where all beings are included. They will liberate us from the apocalyptic threats of the end of our civilization and of life.

Zaffaroni brings us a brilliant and convincing perspective, a severe criticism on the one hand, but also one filled with hope on the other. He deserves to be read, studied, and that his vision of an holistic ecology that profoundly integrates all the elements of nature and of the universe be incorporated into our understanding.

Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The corrupt cannot outrun their conscience

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

There is a voice within us that we can never silence. It is the voice of our conscience. She is above the established order and prevailing laws. There are criminal acts, such as violating the innocent, denying hungry humans the bread that could save their lives, stealing funds destined for health and education, practicing such corruption as the pillage of millions of reales destined for the infrastructure; and other horrendous crimes. Delinquents become accustomed to such practices to the point that they become second nature and a way of thinking: «since it belongs to all, and to no one in particular, I can make it mine». The delinquent in public office says: «one who gets rich in this position is smart, the one who does not is stupid». Corruption, endemic in Brazil, obeys that sophism.

But no-one can escape the inner voice, the first nature, that accuses him and demands punishment. He can run away, like Cain, but the voice continues, like a kettledrum, pounding within. The corrupt one runs away even though justice does not look for him. Who can see within the heart of one for whom neither secrets nor secret chambers exist? Once again, it is the conscience: she judges, admonishes, corrodes within, applauds and condemns.

Spiritual persons of all ages offer this testimony: the conscience is God within us. The name we give to God according to the different cultures matters little. It is about something much higher than us, whose voice cannot be smothered by human uproar, no matter how strong the uproar is. With certitude Seneca wrote: «The conscience is God within you, near you and with you».

Historical examples abound. I will mention an old one and a modern one. In 310, A.D., Roman emperor Maximilian ordered the decimation of a battalion of Christian soldiers because they refused to kill innocent people. Before they were decapitated they wrote to the emperor: «Emperor, we are your soldiers, but before that we are servants of God. We made the imperial oath to you, but to God we promised not to practice evil. We prefer to die than to kill. We prefer to be killed as innocents than to live with our conscience always accusing us» (Passio Agaunensium, n.9).

Fifteen hundred years later, on February 3, 1944, a Christian German soldier wrote to his parents: «Beloved, I have been condemned to die because I refused to shoot defenseless Russian prisoners. I prefer to die than to carry the blood of innocents on my conscience the rest of my life. It was you, beloved Mother, who taught me to always follow my conscience before the orders of men. The time has come now for me to live that truth» (P.Malevezzi & G.Pirelli (org), Letzte Briefe zum Tode Verurteilter, 1955, p.489). And he was executed.

What is this force that in these two short tales gave the Roman and German soldiers the courage to be able to act like that? What voice told them to die rather than to kill? What power does that inner voice possess, to the point of overcoming the natural fear of dying? It is the imperious voice of conscience. We did not create her, and therefore, we cannot destroy it. We can disobey her. Deny her. Repress the remorse. But silence her? That we cannot do.

The conscience is untouchable and supreme. The respect we owe her is so profound that even the invincibly erroneous conscience must be listened to, and followed. Because of that, the Bishops gathered in the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) wrote: «The conscience, even when it invincibly errs, does not lose its dignity» (De dignitate Humana, n. 2).

He has an invincibly erroneous conscience who dedicates all his efforts to sincerely seeking truth, asking, studying, following the advise of others and questioning himself, and even so, errs. Someone who does all this, and errs, has the right to be respected and listened to because he has obeyed his conscience.

Everyone can tragically err, with the best intentions. Therefore, we always must ask whether he is listening to the interior voice or not. Blaise Pascal wisely pondered: «We never do evil so perfectly as when we do it with a clear conscience». Only that conscience is not good. Albert Camus dealing with the morality of blind obedience wrote: «Good will can cause as much evil as bad will, when it is not sufficiently well informed», this is, when the voice of conscience calling for the good action is not listened to.

We write all this thinking of the shameful corruption that has contaminated our society, practically at all levels, especially the owners of the great enterprises and the politicians of the highest ranks, up to the filthy President of the Republic. They are deft before their own consciences that incriminate them. But the time will come when they will have to respond to Someone Higher.

Leonardo Boff  Theologian-Philosopher,Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.