Categoria: Idiomas

The crucified of today and the Crucified of yesterda

Leonardo Boff7 Comentários

The great majority of humanity lives today crucified by misery, hunger, the scarcity of water, and unemployment. Nature is also crucified, devastated by the industrialist greed that refuses to accept any limits. Mother Earth is crucified, exhausted to the point of having lost her internal equilibrium, which is evident from global warming.

The religious and Christian understanding sees Christ Himself present in all these crucified beings. By having assumed our human and cosmic reality, He suffers with all who suffer. The roaring chain saws bringing down the jungles are blows to His body. He continues bleeding in our decimated ecosystems and polluted waters. The incarnation of the Son of God established a mysterious solidarity of life and destiny with all that He assumed, with all of humanity and all the shadows and lights that our humanity presupposes.

The oldest Gospel, the Gospel of Saint Mark, records the terrible words at the death of Jesus. Abandoned by all, in the height of the cross, He also feels abandoned by the Father of goodness and mercy. Jesus cries:

«”My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?” “And Jesus cried with a loud voice , and gave up the ghost ”» (Mark 15,34.37).

Jesus did not die as all of us die. He died murdered in the most humiliating form of that time: nailed on a cross. Hanging between heaven and Earth, He agonized for three hours on the cross.

The human rejection that could decree the crucifixion of Jesus, cannot define the meaning that Jesus gave to the crucifixion imposed on Him. The One crucified defined the meaning of His crucifixion as solidarity with all the crucified of history who, as Himself, were, are, and will be victims of violence, of unjust social relations, of hatred, of the humiliation of the lesser and of the rejection of the proposal of a Kingdom of justice, fraternity, compassion and of unconditional love.

In spite of His solidarian surrender to the others and to His Father, a terrible and last temptation invades His spirit. The great conflict of Jesus, now agonizing, is with His Father.

The Father He had experienced with profound filial intimacy, the Father He had announced as merciful and full of goodness, a Father with traits of a tender and caring Mother, the Father whose Kingdom He had proclaimed and brought forward in His liberating praxis, that Father now appears to have abandoned Him.

Jesus goes through the hell of the absence of God.

Around three in the afternoon, minutes before the tragic ending, Jesus cried with loud voice: “Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachtani: my God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?”. Jesus is almost without hope. From the most abysmal emptiness of His spirit, arise dreadful questionings that create the most startling temptation suffered by human beings, and now by Jesus, the temptation of desperation. Jesus asks himself:

“Could it be that my faithfulness was absurd? Is the struggle carried out by the oppressed and by God senseless? Was it all in vain: the risks I went through, the persecutions I endured, the humiliating judicial-religious process in which I was condemned with the capital sentence: the crucifixion that I suffer now?”

Jesus finds himself naked, impotent, totally empty before the Father who is silent and with that silence reveals all His Mystery. He has no one to hold on to.

According to human criteria, Jesus totally failed. His interior certainty disappears. But even though there is a sunset on the horizon, Jesus continues trusting in the Father. Because of that He cries in loud voice: “My Father… My Father”. In the apex of His despair, Jesus gives Himself up to the truly nameless Mystery. That will be His only hope beyond of any security. He no longer has any support by Himself, only through God, that is now in hiding. The absolute hope of Jesus can only be understood in the assumption of His absolute desperation. Where hopelessness abounded, hope was over abundant.

The greatness of Jesus consisted of enduring and overcoming this frightful temptation. This temptation brought Him to a total surrender to God, an unconditional solidarity with His brothers and sisters, also desperate and crucified throughout history, a total divestiture of Himself, an absolute de-centering of Himself in function of the others. Only that way death is death and can be complete: the perfect surrender to God and to the suffering sons and daughters of God, the smallest of His brothers and sisters.

The last words of Jesus show His surrender, neither resigned nor fatal, but free: Father. into thy hands I commend my spirit (Luke 23,46). It is finished (John 19,30).

The Good Friday continues, but does not have the last word. The resurrection as the emergence of the new being is the great reply of the Father and the promise to us all.

Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher of the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Globalization/Planetization

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

There is presently strong resistence to the process of globalization, aggravated by Donald Trump, who has forcefully pushed the idea of “The United States First”, or better said, “Only the United States”. Trump advocates war against global corporations, in favor of those wholly within the United States.

It is important to understand that this is about a struggle against the huge economic-financial conglomerates that control a large part of the world’s wealth, in the hands of a very small number of persons. According Joseph Stiglitz, 2001 Nobel laureate for economics, we have 1% multi-millionaires vs. the 99% who are dependent or impoverished.

This type of globalization is of an economic-financial character, dinosauric; as Edgar Morin puts it, the iron stage of globalization. But globalization is more than economics. It is about an irreversible process, a new stage in the evolution of the Earth, that began at the moment we discovered her as seen from outside, as the astronauts showed us from their spaceships. Then it was clear that Earth and Humanity form a unique complex entity.

The testimony of John W. Young, the Northamerican astronaut, on the fifth trip to the moon of April 16, 1972, is impactful: «Below is the Earth, the blue and white planet, amazingly beautiful, shining, humanity’s motherland. From here, the moon would fit in the palm of my hand. From this perspective, there are neither Whites nor Blacks on Earth, nor divisions between East and West, communists and capitalists, North and South. Together we form a single Earth. We must learn to love this planet of which we are part».

From this experience the 1933 words of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin become prophetic and provocative: «The age of nations is over. If we do not want to die, this is the moment to shake off the old prejudices and build the Earth. The Earth will be conscious of herself by no other means than by a crisis of conversion and transformation». This crisis is instilled in our minds: now we are responsible for the only Common Home we have. And we have invented the means of our own self destruction, which increases even more our responsibility for the whole planet.

If we look carefully, this consciousness arose early in the XVI century, precisely in 1521, when Ferdinand Magallan circled the globe for the first time, empirically proving that the Earth is round, and that we can get anywhere from whatever point where we find ourselves.

Globalization began to take form with the Westernization of the world. Europe commenced the colonial and imperialist adventure of conquest and domination of all the discovered and to be discovered lands, putting them at the service of the European interests, as manifested by the will to power, which we can very well translate as the will to unlimited enrichment, the imposition of the White culture, of their political institutions and their Christian religion.

From the point of view of the victims of this process, this adventure was carried out violently, with great genocides, ethnocides and ecocides. That adventure was a trauma and tragedy for the majority of the peoples, the consequences of which can be felt today, even among those who were the colonizers, who introduced slavery and forced surrender to the great imperialist powers.

We must now rescue the positive and essential meaning of the word planetization, a word that is better than globalization, given its economic connotations. On April 22, 2009, the United Nations made official the nomenclature, Mother Earth, to give it a connotation of something alive that must be respected and venerated, as we do our mothers. Pope Francis used the expression Common Home to show the profound unity of the human species that inhabits the common space.

This moment is a step forward in the process of geo-genesis. We cannot go back with a diminished consciousness, and close down, as Donald Trump pretends, within our national borders. We must prepare ourselves for this new step that the Earth has given, this living super organism, according to the thesis of Gaia. We are the moment of consciousness and of intelligence of the Earth. We are the Earth that feels, thinks, loves, cares and venerates. We are the only beings of nature whose ethical mission is to care for this sacred inheritance, to ensure that it is an inhabitable home for all of us, and for the entire community of living beings.

We are not rising to this call of the Earth herself. Therefore we must wake up and assume this noble mission of building planetizaton.

Leonardo Boff  Theologian-Philosopher and of  theEarthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Globalization or Planetization?

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

There is presently strong resistence to the process of globalization, aggravated by Donald Trump, who has forcefully pushed the idea of “The United States First”, or better said, “Only the United States”. Trump advocates war against global corporations, in favor of those wholly within the United States.

It is important to understand that this is about a struggle against the huge economic-financial conglomerates that control a large part of the world’s wealth, in the hands of a very small number of persons. According Joseph Stiglitz, 2001 Nobel laureate for economics, we have 1% multi-millionaires vs. the 99% who are dependent or impoverished.

This type of globalization is of an economic-financial character, dinosauric; as Edgar Morin puts it, the iron stage of globalization. But globalization is more than economics. It is about an irreversible process, a new stage in the evolution of the Earth, that began at the moment we discovered her as seen from outside, as the astronauts showed us from their spaceships. Then it was clear that Earth and Humanity form a unique complex entity.

The testimony of John W. Young, the Northamerican astronaut, on the fifth trip to the moon of April 16, 1972, is impactful: «Below is the Earth, the blue and white planet, amazingly beautiful, shining, humanity’s motherland. From here, the moon would fit in the palm of my hand. From this perspective, there are neither Whites nor Blacks on Earth, nor divisions between East and West, communists and capitalists, North and South. Together we form a single Earth. We must learn to love this planet of which we are part».

From this experience the 1933 words of Pierre Teilhard de Chardin become prophetic and provocative: «The age of nations is over. If we do not want to die, this is the moment to shake off the old prejudices and build the Earth. The Earth will be conscious of herself by no other means than by a crisis of conversion and transformation». This crisis is instilled in our minds: now we are responsible for the only Common Home we have. And we have invented the means of our own self destruction, which increases even more our responsibility for the whole planet.

If we look carefully, this consciousness arose early in the XVI century, precisely in 1521, when Ferdinand Magallan circled the globe for the first time, empirically proving that the Earth is round, and that we can get anywhere from whatever point where we find ourselves.

Globalization began to take form with the Westernization of the world. Europe commenced the colonial and imperialist adventure of conquest and domination of all the discovered and to be discovered lands, putting them at the service of the European interests, as manifested by the will to power, which we can very well translate as the will to unlimited enrichment, the imposition of the White culture, of their political institutions and their Christian religion.

From the point of view of the victims of this process, this adventure was carried out violently, with great genocides, ethnocides and ecocides. That adventure was a trauma and tragedy for the majority of the peoples, the consequences of which can be felt today, even among those who were the colonizers, who introduced slavery and forced surrender to the great imperialist powers.

We must now rescue the positive and essential meaning of the word planetization, a word that is better than globalization, given its economic connotations. On April 22, 2009, the United Nations made official the nomenclature, Mother Earth, to give it a connotation of something alive that must be respected and venerated, as we do our mothers. Pope Francis used the expression Common Home to show the profound unity of the human species that inhabits the common space.

This moment is a step forward in the process of geo-genesis. We cannot go back with a diminished consciousness, and close down, as Donald Trump pretends, within our national borders. We must prepare ourselves for this new step that the Earth has given, this living super organism, according to the thesis of Gaia. We are the moment of consciousness and of intelligence of the Earth. We are the Earth that feels, thinks, loves, cares and venerates. We are the only beings of nature whose ethical mission is to care for this sacred inheritance, to ensure that it is an inhabitable home for all of us, and for the entire community of living beings.

We are not rising to this call of the Earth herself. Therefore we must wake up and assume this noble mission of building planetizaton.

Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher  of the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

An ethics for Mother Earth

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

It is a recognized scientific fact, with 95% certainty, that climate change, the main expression of which is global warming, is of an anthropogenic nature. That is, those changes have their genesis in violent human behavior towards nature.
Such behavior is not in harmony with the cycles and rhythms of nature. Humans are not adapting to nature, but forcing her to adapt to humans and human interests. Their main interest, dominant for two centuries now, is centered on the accumulation of wealth and benefits for the lives of some humans, starting with the systematic exploitation of goods and services, and of many peoples, especially the Indigenous Nations.

The countries that led this process have not given proper importance to the limits of the Earth-system. They continue subjecting nature and the Earth to a true war, even though they know that they will be defeated.

The way Mother Earth expresses the pressure on her fixed limitations is through extreme events (prolonged droughts on the one hand, and devastating floods on the other, unprecedented snow storms here, and unbearable heat waves elsewhere.)

Facing such events, the Earth has become a clear object of human preoccupation.

The several COPs (Conference of the Parties), organized by the UN, never reached an agreement. Only the Paris COP21, of November 30 to December 13, 2015 reached a minimum consensus for the first time, undertaken by all: to prevent global warming from exceeding 2 degrees Celcius.

Regrettably, this agreement is not binding. Any country may follow it, but is not of an obligatory nature, as was shown by the Northamerican Congress that revoked the ecological measures of President Barack Obama. Now President Donald Trump roundly denies them as being nonsensical and deceitful.

It is becoming ever more evident that the question is more an ethical than a scientific one. That is, the quality of our relations with nature and with our Common Home were not and are not adequate. They are in fact destructive.

Quoting Pope Francis in his 2015 inspiring encyclical letter Laudato Si: about caring for the Common Home: «We have never before mistreated and hurt our Common Home as much as in the last two centuries…these situations provoke the wailings of Sister Earth, echoing the cries of the abandoned of the world, whose voices demand that we follow a different path» (n. 53).

We urgently need a regenerative ethics of the Earth, one that restores her damaged vitality, so that she may continue giving us all that she always has given us. That must be an ethics of caring, of respect for her rhythms and of collective responsibility.

But an ethics of the Earth is not enough. It must be joined with spirituality.

This spirituality is rooted in cordial and sensible reason. From there comes the passion for caring and a serious commitment to love, responsibility and compassion for our Common Home, as is expressed at the end of the encyclical letter of Francis, Bishop of Rome.

The well known and universally admired Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, in a posthumously published text, written in 1943, Letter to General “X”, emphatically affirms: «There is one problem, and only one: to rediscover that there is a life of the spirit that is even higher than the life of intelligence. It is the only one that can satisfy the human being» (Macondo Libri 2015, p. 31).

In another text,written in 1936 when he was a Paris Soir correspondent, during the Spanish Civil War, with the title, It is important to give meaning to life, de Saint-Exupéry returns to the life of the spirit. There he affirms: «the human being does not realize himself other than together with other human beings, in love and friendship. However, human beings not only unite by being next to each other, but by fusing together in the same divinity. In a world turned into a desert, we are thirsty to find compañeros, comrades, with whom to share the bread.» (Macondo Libri p.20).

At the end of the Letter to General “X” , he concludes: «Oh how much are we in need of a God!» (op. cit. p. 36).

In fact, only the life of the spirit gives fullness to the human being. It is a beautiful synthesis of spirituality, frequently identified or confused with religiosity. The life of the spirit is more. It is as original and anthropological a fact as are intelligence and will. It is something that belongs to our most essential depth.

We know how to care for the life of the body, a true cultural phenomenon now, with so many physical fitness academies. Psychoanalysts of several tendencies help us to care for the life of the psychic, to live a life of relative equilibrium, without neuroses or depression.

But our culture practically forgets to cultivate the life of the spirit, that is our most radical dimension. It is where the great questions live, the most daring dreams dwell, and the most generous utopias are formed. The life of the spirit is nourished by intangible goods, such as love, friendship, friendly coexistence with the others, compassion, caring and openness to the infinite. Without the life of the spirit we wander about, without a direction that guides us and makes life appetizing and grateful.

An ethics of the Earth is not sustained by itself indefinitely, without that supplément d’ame that is the life of the spirit. It makes us feel part of Mother Earth, to whom we must give love and caring.

Leonardo Boff  Theologian-Philosopher of the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.