Categoria: Idiomas

Ten rights of the heart

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

A rich philosophical discussion is occurring now about the need to rescue cordial reason, as a limitation on the excessive rationalization of society and as a way to enrich the instrumental analytical reason, that left to its own devices, may undermine the proper relationship with nature, that is of belonging, and respect for its cycles and rhythms. Let us enumerate some of the rights of the dimension of the heart.
1. Protect the heart, the biological center of the human body. Its beating circulates blood throughout the entire organism, giving it life. Do not overburden it with too much greasy food and alcoholic beverages.

2. Take good care of the heart. It is our psychic center. As Jesus warned, from the heart come all things good and bad. Act in such a way that your heart is not over stimulated by risky and dangerous behavior. Keep it calm, with a serene and healthy lifestyle.

3. Keep watch over your heart. It represents our profound dimension. In the heart is found the consciousness that always is with us, that counsels, warns and also punishes us. In the heart the sacred spark shines that enthuses us. Philologically, enthusiasm means having an “inner God” that warms and illuminates us. The profound feeling of the heart convinces us that absurdity will never prevail over good sense.

4. Cultivate sensibility, a property of the heart. Do not allow that sensibility to be dominated by functional reason. Bring them into harmony. Because of sensibility, we feel the heart of the other. Through sensibility we intuit that the mountains, the woods and jungles, the animals, the starry sky and God Himself, also have a pounding heart. Finally, we understand that there is one immense heart that beats throughout the whole universe.

5. Love your heart. The heart is the home of love. The love that causes the joy of the encounter between persons who love each other and that allows the union of bodies and minds into a single and mysterious reality. Love that causes the miracle of life by the loving union of the sexes and the selfless surrender, the caring for the most helpless, the inclusive social relationships, the arts, the music and the mystical ecstasy that enables the loving person to fuse into the Beloved.

6. Have a compassionate heart. One that knows how to exit the self and join the other, to suffer with him, to carry together the cross of life and also to celebrate joy together.

7. Open the heart to the essential caress. The essential caress is as soft as a feather that comes from the infinite and, with its touch, makes us see that we are brothers and sisters and that we belong to the same human family that inhabits the same Common Home.

8. Prepare your heart for caring, to make the other important to you. The heart heals old wounds and prevents future ones. Who loves, cares, and who cares, loves.

9. Mould the heart with tenderness. If you want to perpetuate love, surround it with tenderness and gentleness.

10. Purify the heart day by day, so that the shadows, resentment and spirit of revenge, that also live in the heart, never overpower well-wishing, courtesy and love. Then, your heart will beat to the rhythm of the universe and will find repose in the heart of the Mystery, the Original Source whence comes all, that we simply call God.

The following five recommendations that enhance love also make good sense.

1. Put your heart into everything you think about and everything you do. To speak without heart sounds cold and institutional. Words spoken from the heart reach the depths of the people. That way harmony is established with the questioners or listeners. That facilitates understanding and adhesion.

2. When reasoning is articulated, the heart adds emotion. Do not force it, because it will spontaneously reveal the profound conviction in what you believe and say. Only that way will it reach the heart of the other and be convincing.

3. The cold intellectual intelligence, that purports to understand and solve everything, creates a rationalist and reductionist perception of reality. But the excess of cordial and sensitive reason also can fall into a syrupy sentimentalism and populist tirades that turn off people. The proper balance between mind and heart always must be sought, but always by articulating the two poles, starting with the heart.

4. When you have to talk to an auditorium or a group, try to find harmony with the atmosphere that exists in the site at that moment. When you talk, do not speak only from your head, give primacy to your heart. The heart feels, vibrates and also makes the other vibrate. The reasoning of intellectual intelligence is efficacious only when it is joined with the sensibility of the heart.

5. To believe is not to think about God. To believe is to feel God with the heart. Then we understand that we are always in the palm of the hand of God and that a loving and powerful Energy illuminates and warms us, and presides over the paths of life, the Earth and the whole universe.

Leonardo Boff ,Theologian-Philosopher, Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Pope Francis restores the good sense of Jesus

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

Pope Francis’ speeches are not framed either by the doctrines or dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. It is not that he does not appreciate them, but that he understands that they are theological works created during different historical times. Those doctrines and dogmas provoked religious wars, schisms, excommunications, the burning of theologians and women (such as Joan of Arc and the women considered witches) at the stake of the Holy Inquisition. That lasted for several centuries and the author of these lines had a bitter experience in the cubicle where the accused were interrogated in the forbidding building of the former Inquisition, located to the left of the Basilica of Saint Peter.

Pope Francis has engendered a revolution in the thinking of the Church, returning to the praxis of the historical Jesus. He is restoring what is now called “The Tradition of Jesus”, that precedes the present Gospels, written 30-40 years after His execution on the cross. The Tradition of Jesus, or as it is also called in The Acts of the Apostles, “the path of Jesus”, is grounded more on values and ideals than on doctrine. The essentials are unconditional love, mercy, forgiveness, justice and preference for the poor and the outcast, and a total openness to God the Father.

Jesus, to put it bluntly, did not intend to found a new religion. He wanted to teach us how to live. To live with fraternity, solidarity and caring for each other. What stands out most in Jesus is His good sense. We say that someone has good sense when that person has the right word for each situation, appropriate behavior, and the ability to quickly identify the gist of a question. Good sense is linked to the concrete wisdom of life. It distinguishes the essential from the secondary. It is the capacity to see and put things in their rightful places.

Good sense opposes exaggeration. This is where the madman and the genius, who are so close in many aspects, are fundamentally distinguished. The genius radicalizes good sense. The madman radicalizes exaggeration. Jesus, as the Gospels witness, manifested Himself as a genius of good sense. A matchless freshness runs through everything He says and does. God in His goodness, a human in his frailty, society with its contradictions and nature with its splendor, appear with crystal clear immediacy.

Jesus neither preaches theology nor appeals to superior moral principles. Jesus does not get lost in tedious and heartless questions of right and wrong. His words and attitudes go directly to the point where reality bleeds and the human must make a decision for himself and before God. His warnings are incisive and direct: “first be reconcíled to thy brother” (Mt 5,24). “Swear not at all” (Mt 5,34). “Do not fight back against evil; but whosoever shall smite thee on thy right check, turn to him the other also” (Mt 5,39). “Love thy enemies, and pray for those who spitefully use thee and persecute thee” (Mt 5,44). “When thou doest alms, let not thy left hand know what thy right hand doeth” (Mt 6,3). This good sense has been missing from the institutional Church (popes, bishops and priests), but not from the Church of the bases, especially on moral questions.

The institutional Church is hard and implacable. Humans with their pain are sacrificed to abstract principles. The institutional Church is ruled by power, rather than mercy. As the saints and wise men and women warn us: where power prevails, love vanishes and mercy disappears. How different is Pope Francis. The principal quality of God, he tells us, is mercy. He often repeats: “Be merciful as your heavenly Father is merciful ” (Lk 6,36).

Pope Francis explains the etymological meaning of mercy: miseris cor dare: «give the heart to the miser», to those who suffer. In his Angelus talk of April 6, 2014, he said in hushed tones: «Listen well: there are no limits at all to the divine mercy offered to all». And asked the multitude to repeat with him: «There are no limits to the divine mercy offered to all». He reminds us as a theologian that Saint Thomas Aquinas affirms that, where practice is concerned, mercy is the most important virtue «because it overflows to the others and also succors them in their weaknesses».

Filled with mercy in the face of the dangers of the zika virus epidemic Pope Francis opens a space for the use of contraceptives. It is about saving lives: «to avoid a pregnancy is not an absolute evil», the Pope said in his visit to Mexico on February of the current year. To the new cardinals, he admonishes them with the words: «The Church does not condemn forever. The punishment of hell used to torment the faithful is not eternal». God is a mystery of inclusion and communion, never of exclusion. Mercy always triumphs.

This means that we must interpret the Bible references to hell not in a fundamentalist way, but pedagogically, as a way to lead us to do good. Logically, we do not enter in any form into the Kingdom of the Trinity. We must first pass through the purifying clinic of God, until we emerge, purified, into the blessed eternity. This message is truly liberating. And Pope Francis’ apostolic exhortation confirms “The Joy of the Gospel”. This joy is offered to everyone, including non-Christians, because it is the path of humanization and of liberation.

Leonardo Boff (blog: leonardoboff.wordpress.com) 03-04-2016 Free translation from the Spanish sent by Melina Alfaro, _alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar_ (mailto:alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar) . Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

A culture where the heart is at the center

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

Since the so-called Century of Lights, (1715-1789), our culture has rigorously applied the understanding of Rene Descartes, (1596-1650), that the human being is “lord and master” of Nature and can dispose of her at his whim. Descartes gave absolute value to reason and the scientific spirit: whatever cannot pass the test of reason, loses legitimacy. From this there followed a severe criticism of all traditions, especially of traditional Christian faith.

This also closed many windows of the spirit that permit knowledge without necessarily passing through the rational cannons. Blaise Pascal already noted that reductionism in his Thoughts about the logique du coeur, (“the heart has reasons unknown to reason”), and in the esprit de finesse, that differentiated itself from the esprit de géométrie, this is, from the calculating and analytical instrumental reason.

But what was thoroughly relegated to the margins and even defamed was the heart, the organ of the sensibility and of the universe of emotions, with the pretext that from the scientific point of view, it would spoil “clear and distinctive ideas” (Descartes). Thus arose a knowledge without heart, but functional to the goal of modernity, that was, and still is, of making knowledge a power, a power as a means of dominating nature, peoples, and cultures. That was the metaphysics (the understanding of reality) underlying all of colonialism, slavery, and eventually, the destruction of the different, such as the rich cultures of the original peoples of Latin America (remember Bartolome de las Casas with his History of the Destruction of the Indies).

Curiously, all modern epistemology that incorporates quantum mechanics, the new astrology, the phenomenological philosophy and analytical psychology have shown that all knowledge comes impregnated with the emotions of the subject, and that subject and object are indissolubly linked, sometimes by hidden interests (J. Habermas).

Starting from these observations and with the pitiless experience of modern wars, it was thought to rescue the heart. After all, in the heart resides love, affection, compassion, the feeling of respect, the bases of human dignity and inalienable rights. Michel Mafessoli, in France, David Goleman in the United States, Adela Cortina in Spain, Muniz Sodre, in Brazil and many others around the world, have worked hard to rescue emotional intelligence, or sensible or cordial reason. Personally, I believe that facing the globalized crises of our lifestyle and of our relationship with the Earth, without cordial reason, we will not move to safeguard the vitality of Mother Earth and guarantee the future of our civilization.

What appears new to us, and a conquest –the rights of the heart–, was the axis of the great Mayan culture of Central America, particularly in Guatemala. Since they did not experience the circumcision of modern reason, they faithfully kept the traditions that came through the Grandmothers and Grandfathers, throughout the generations. Their principal written texts, the Popol Vuh and The Books of Chilam Balam of Chumayel, bear witness to that wisdom.

I have participated many times in Mayan celebrations, with their priests and priestesses. They are always done around the fire. They start by calling to the heart of the winds, of the mountains, the heart of the waters, the trees and the heart of the ancestors. These calls are made in the middle of a native perfumed incense that produces a lot of smoke.

Listening to them talk of the energies of nature and of the universe, it seemed to me that, except for the differences of language, their cosmic vision was very much like quantum physics. Everything to them is energy and movement, between formation and disintegration (we would say: the dialectics of chaos-cosmos) that give dynamism to the Universe. They were eminent mathematicians and had invented the number zero. Their calculus of the course of the stars approximates in many ways what we have attained with modern telescopes.

Beautifully they say that everything that exists was born from the loving encounter of two hearts, the heart of Heaven and the heart of the Earth. The Earth is Pacha Mama, a living being who feels, intuits, vibrates and inspires human beings. Humans are the “illustrious sons and daughters, the investigators, the searchers of the existence”, affirmations that remind us of Martin Heidegger.

The essence of the human being is the heart, that must be cared for to be affable, understanding and loving. All the education that continues throughout life consists of cultivating the dimension of the heart. The Brothers of La Salle have in the capital city of Guatemala an immense College –Prodessa– where young Mayans live in a bilingual internship. There the Mayan cosmic vision is recaptured and systematized at the same time that ancestral knowledge is assimilated and combined with the modern, especially linked to agriculture and respectful relationships with nature.

I am pleased to end with a text that a wise Mayan woman passed to me at the close of an encounter with only Mayan people: “When you have to choose between two paths, ask yourself which of them has heart. Whoever chooses the path of the heart never will be wrong” (Popol Vuh).

Leonardo Boff is a brazilian theologian and ecologist, has written Christianity in a Nutshell, Orbis 2014

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Life of the spirit and ethics of the Earth and Antoine de Saint-Exupéry

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

If it is true that climatic disturbances are anthropogenic, that is, that they have their genesis in the irresponsible behavior of humans (less of the poor, but much more of the great industrial corporations), then it is clear that the issue is more an ethical than a scientific one. This is so because the quality of our relationships with nature and with our Common Home were not, and they still are not, adequate and positive. Pope Francis says in his inspiring encyclical letter, Laudato Sii: on the caring of the Common Home, (2015): «Never have we mistreated and hurt our Common Home so much as in the last two centuries…These situations provoke the howls of Sister Earth, joining the wails of the abandoned of the world, with a cry that demands that we take a different path» (n. 53).

That different path urgently implies a regenerative ethic for the Earth. This ethic must be founded on principles that are universal, understandable and practical for everyone. It is the essential caring, the loving relationship with nature; the respect for each being because each one has value in itself; it is the responsibility shared by all for the common future of the Earth and of humanity; the universal solidarity by which we help each other; and, finally, it is the compassion by which we make our own the suffering of others and of nature herself.

This ethic for the Earth must restore her damaged vitality, so that she may continue giving us all that she has always given us during the whole of our existence on this planet.

But an ethic for the Earth is not enough. We need to supplement it with spirituality. This spirituality finds its roots in the cordial and sensible reason. From there we receive the passion for caring and a serious commitment of love, responsibility and compassion for the Common Home.

The well known and always highly appreciated Antoine de Saint-Exupéry, in a posthumous text that was written in 1943, Letter to General “X”, (Carta al General “X” ), affirms with much emphasis: “there is but one problem, only one: to rediscover that there is a life of the spirit that is even higher than the life of intelligence, the only one that can satisfy the human being” (Macondo Libri 2015, p. 31).

Another text, written in 1936, when he was a correspondent for the Paris Soir during the Spanish Civil War, is titled, «It is essential to give meaning to life». In that article he retakes the theme of the life of the spirit. To that end he affirms, “we need to understand each other with reciprocity; the human being only becomes a reality together with other human beings, in love and friendship, however, human beings do not unite only by coming closer to each other, but by fusing together in the same divinity. We are thirsty. In a world turned into a desert, we thirst to find comrades with whom to share the bread” (Macondo Libri 2015, p. 20). And de Saint-Exupéry ends the Letter to General “X”: “We have such a great need for a God…” (op. cit. 36).

In fact, only the life of the spirit fully satisfies the human being. The life of the spirit is a beautiful synonym for spirituality, often identified or confused with religiosity. The life of the spirit is much more. It is an original aspect of our profound dimension, an anthropologic fact such as intelligence and will, something that belongs to our essence.

We know how to take care of the life of the body. That is now a true cult, celebrated in so many academies of gymnastics. The psychoanalysts of several tendencies help us take care of the life of the psyche, of how to balance our impulses, the angels and demons that inhabit us, to carry on that life with relative equilibrium.

But in our culture we all but forget to cultivate the life of the spirit. That is our most radical dimension, where the great questions are housed, where our boldest dreams nest and where the most generous utopias are formulated. The life of the spirit is nourished by intangible goods such as love, friendship, compassion, caring and openness to the infinite. Without the life of the spirit we wander around, rootless and without meaning to guide us and make life worhwhile.

An ethic of the Earth cannot sustain itself alone for long, without that supplément d’âme that is the life of the spirit, that calls us to the highest and to actions for saving and regenerating Mother Earth. Ethics and the life of the spirit are inseparable twin sisters.
Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher  and Member of the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.