Categoria: Idiomas

Aylan Kurdi, the little boy who drowned, makes us cry and think

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

The little Syrian boy, of 3 or 4 years, lay lifeless on the beach, pale and still dressed in his little boy’s clothes. He was face down, with his head turned to one side, as if he still wanted to breathe. The waves had taken pity on him and carried him to the beach. The fish, always voracious, respected him because they too felt pity for his innocence. Aylan Kurdi is his name. His father could not hold on to them. They were dragged from his hands; and the boys were swallowed by the waters.

Dear Aylan: you were fleeng the horrors of war in Syria, where the troops of President Assad, backed by rich Arab Emirates, sadly supported by forces of Western Europe and the United States, battle the soldiers of the cruel Islamic State, who behead those who refuse to convert to their religion. I imagine you were scared by the sound of the supersonic planes that launched murderous bombs. You did not sleep, for fear that your house would burst into flames and fly through the air.

How many times you would have heard your parents and neighbors say how dreadful are the planes that fly without a pilot, the drones. The drones persecute and chase human beings through the arid hills, and kill them. Wedding festivities, celebrated with great happiness in spite of all the horror, are also bombed, because it is imagined that there must be a terrorist among the guests.

Perhaps you did not imagine that the one who practices such barbarity and is behind all this is a young soldier, who lives in a military barrack in Texas. He sits peacefully in his living room in front of an immense TV screen. By satellite, the screen shows the battle fields of your country, Syria, or Iraq. When the young soldier becomes suspicous, with a simple touch of a bottom, he fires a weapon carried by the drone. The young soldier feels nothing. He hears nothing. He does not even feel pain. On the other side of the world, thousands of kilometers away, 30 or 40 human beings, children as yourself, fathers and mothers like yours, people who have nothing to do with the war, suddenly die. They are murdered in cold blood. Back in Texas, the young soldier smiles, because he hit his target.

Facing the terror that comes from skies and by land, and the dread of being killed or beheaded, your parents resolved to flee. They took the whole family. They were not thinking of looking for a job. They just wanted not to die, or be killed. They dreamed of living in a country where they were no longer scared, a place where they could sleep without having nightmares.

And you, dear Aylan, could happily play in the street with little playmates whose language you did not understand, but that you did not need, because you children have a language that all little boys and girls understand.

You, Aylan, were not able to reach such a place of peace. But now, in spite of all the sadness we feel, we know that you, so innocent, have arrived in a paradise where you can at last play, jump and run everywhere, in the company of a God who was also a child, named Jesus, and who, in order to not leave you alone, has become once again a child. And He will play soccer with you, He will grab a kitten by the neck, and run after after a puppy; you will understand each other perfectly, as if you had been friends forever. Together you will make colored drawings, laugh at the dolls you make and share beautiful stories. And you will feel very happy. And see, what a surprise: with you there will be your little brother who also died, and your mother will be able to embrace and kiss you, as she did so many times.

You did not die, my dear Aylan. You have gone to live and to play in another place, a much better place. The world was not worthy of your innocence.

And now let me think by myself. What kind of a world is this, that frightens and kills the children? Why do the majority of the countries not want to receive refugees from terror and war? Are not these refugees our brothers and sisters who live in the same Common Home, the Earth? These refugees ask for nothing. They only want to live. They want to have some peace and not to see their children screaming with fear, and jumping out of bed with the thunder of the bombs. They are human beings who want to be welcomed as human beings, without threatening anyone. They only want to live in their manner of venerating God and to be clothed the way they have always clothed.

Are not two thousand years of Christianity enough to make the Europeans minimally human, solidarian and hospitable? Aylan, the little Syrian boy lying dead on the beach is a metaphor for the Europe of today: prostrate, lifeless, unable to cry or welcome threatened lives. Have not Europeans heard so many times that the one who welcomes the stranger or the persecuted is anonymously hosting God?

Dear Aylan, may the image of you, washed up on the beach, elicit in us some of the humanity that always lives within us, a shred of solidarity, a tear of compassion that we cannot hold back, with our eyes tired of seeing so much useless suffering, especially of children, like yourself. Help us, we beg you, because otherwise the divine flame that flickers within us may be extinguished. And if that flame dies, we all will drown, because without love and compassion nothing will make sense in this world.

*Leonardo Boff, a Grandfather of a distant country that has already received many persons from your country, Syria, who took pity when he saw your image on the beach and painful tears of compassion escaped from his eyes.

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Aren’t they human beings, our brothers and sisters?

Leonardo Boff4 Comentários

A society’s level of civilization and of humanitarian spirit is measured by how it welcomes and coexists with those who are different. By this measure, Europe offers a pitiful example, one that borders on barbarism. Europe reveals herself as so self-centered and self-congratulatory that it is extremely hard for her to welcome and coexist with those who are different.

The strategy generally was and continues to be this: either exclude or destroy the other. This is what happened in the process of colonial expansion in Africa, Asia and principally in Latin America. They destroyed whole nations, as in Haiti, Mexico and Peru.

The primary limit on Western European culture is her arrogance, as is seen in its presumption of being the most developed in the world, as having the best form of government (democracy), the highest awareness of rights, as the creator of philosophy and technology, and, if that was not enough, as the carrier of the one true religion: Christianity. Traces of this arrogance can still be seen in the Preamble of the Constitution of the European Union. There it is simply asserted:

«The European continent is the bearer of civilization, its people have inhabited it since the beginning of humanity in successive phases, and throughout the centuries they developed the values that are the basis of humanism: the equality of all human beings, liberty, and the value of reason…»

This vision is only partly true. It forgets the frequent violations of those rights, the catastrophes it created with totalitarian ideologies, devastating wars, pitiless colonialism and ferocious imperialism that subjugated and destroyed whole cultures in Africa and in Latin America, in direct contrast to the values they proclaim. The dramatic state of the world today and the quantities of refugees who come from the Mediterranean countries are due, in great part, to the type of globalization Europe supports, since, in concrete terms, it constitutes a sort of later day Westernization of the world, more than the development of a true global community.

This is the background that helps us understand the ambiguities and the resistance of most European countries to receiving the refugees and immigrants who come from the countries of North Africa and of the Middle East, fleeing the terror of the war, caused in great part by Western Intervention (NATO) and especially by the imperialistic policies of the United States.

According to data from the United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), just this year 60 million of persons have been forced to abandon their homes. The Syrian conflict alone has created 4 million displaced people. The countries that are most willing to take in these victims are Lebanon, with more than one million (1.1 million) and Turkey (1.8 million).

Now those thousands of people seek a little peace in Europe. This year alone nearly 300,000, both migrants and refugees, have crossed the Mediterranean sea. And the numbers grow daily. Their reception is charged with ill will, arousing fascist and xenophobic ideas in the population that betray great insensitivity, even a lack of humanity. Only after the tragedy of the island of Lampedusa, to the South of Italy, where 700 people drowned in April, 2014, was the operation Mare Nostrum launched, with the mission of searching for distressed ships.

Their reception is filled with incidents, especially in Spain and England. The most open and hospitable, notwithstanding the attacks on refugee camps, has been Germany. The phile-fascist government of Viktor Orban of Hungary has declared war on the refugees. It made a decision of great barbarity: ordering the construction of a razor-wire fence four meters high the whole length of the border with Serbia, to bar the arrival of those coming from the Middle East. The governments of Slovakia and Poland declared that they will only accept Christian refugees.

These are criminal measures. Aren’t all those who are suffering human beings? Are they not our brothers and sisters? Immanuel Kant was one of the first to propose a World Republic (Welterepublik) in his final book Perpetual Peace. He said that the first virtue of this republic would be hospitality, as the right of all, and it must be for all, because we all are children of the Earth.

All this is being shamefully denied by members of the European Community. The Judeo-Christian tradition always affirmed: whoever welcomes the stranger is unknowingly hosting God. The words of the quantum physicist Danah Zohar, who best wrote about spiritual intelligence, apply here: «The truth is that we and the others are a single one, that there is no separation, that we and the “stranger” are aspects of the one and only life» (QS: conciencia espiritual, Record 2002, p. 219). How different would be the tragic destiny of the refugees if these words were lived passionately and compassionately.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The crises of life and of self realization

Leonardo Boff7 Comentários

Crisis is usually spoken of in terms of the crisis of the crises; the crisis of the Earth and the crisis of life, which is threatened with disappearance, as Pope Francis pointed out in his encyclical letter about “caring for the Common Home”. But everything in life is marked by crisis: the crisis of birth, of youth, the crisis of chosing one’s life companion, of selecting a profession, the crisis of the “demon of midday”, as Freud called it, that is the midlife crisis of the forties, when we realize that we are already reaching the top of the mountain and starting the descent. And finally, the great crisis of death, when we pass from time to eternity.

The challenge before us is not how to avoid these crises. They are inherent in our human condition. The question is how to face them: what lessons do we draw from them and how can we grow from them. The path of our self realization and of our maturity as human beings passes through them.

Every situation is good, every place is excellent for measuring us against our own selves, and diving into our deep dimension and bringing out the fundamental archetype that we carry within (the basic tendency that always worries us) and that through us seeks to reveal itself and to make its history, that is also our true history. Here no one can be substituted for another. Each of us is alone. It is the fundamental task of existence. But if one is faithful in this journey, that person is no longer alone. S/he has built a personal Center from where to find all the other journeyers. Solitary then turns into solidarity.

The geography of the spiritual world is different from that of the physical world. In the geography of the physical world, countries touch each other at their borders. In the other geography, people touch each other through their personal Centers. Indifference, mediocrity, the lack of passion in the search for our profound I, is what distances us from our Center and that of others, and therefore we lose affinities, even when we are close to them, amongst them, and are trying to be at their service.

What is the best service I could offer other people? To be myself, as a being-of-relationships, and therefore always linked to the others, a being who opts for the good for himself and for others, who is guided by truth, who loves and has compassion and mercy.

Personal realization is not found in the quantity of personal abilities we can realize, but in their quality, in the way we do well that which our station of life demands of us. The quantification, the search for titles, of endless degrees, could in many personal cases mean flight from an encounter with the task of life: to measure ourselves against ourselves, with our desires, our limitations, our problems, with our positive and negative, and to creatively integrate them. Avoiding the accumulation of meaningless knowledge, that only makes us more arrogant and distant from others, is what matures us, and enables us to better understand ourselves and the world. Their own words betray the people who say: It is I who knows, I who does it, I who decides. It is always the I and never the us or the cause, agreed upon with others.

Personal realization is not so much the work of reason, that deals with all things, but of the spirit, that is, our capacity to create visions of togetherness and of putting things in their proper place and valuation. The spirit is for discovering the meaning of each situation. Therefore, the wisdom of life, the experience of the mystery of God, deciphered in each moment, belong to the spirit. It is the capacity to put one’s self completely in everything that one does. Spirituality is neither a science, nor a technique, but the mode of being complete in every situation.

The first task of personal realization is to accept our situation, with its limits and possibilities. Each situation is complete, not quantitatively scattered, but qualitatively gathered, as in a Center. To enter into that Center of ourselves is to find the others, all things, and to find God. This is why the ancient wisdom of India held that: «If someone thinks correctly, secluded in his room, that thought is heard thousands of kilometers away». If you want to change others, start by changing yourself.

Another indispensable task for personal realization is to know how to coexist with the final end, namely, death. Whoever gives meaning to death, also gives meaning to life. Whoever does not see the meaning of death also fails to discover the meaning to life. However, death is more than the last moment, or the end of life. Life itself is mortal. In other words, we slowly are dying, bit by bit, because as soon as we are born, we start to die, to wear away and to bid farewell to life. We first bid farewell to the maternal womb and emerge from it. Then we say farewell to infancy, to childhood, to youth, to grade school, the paternal home, to the adult age, to some of our tasks, to each moment that passes and finally, we bid farewell to life itself.

This farewell leaves behind not only things and situations, but always something of ourselves. We have to detach ourselves, to become impoverished and to empty ourselves. What is the meaning of all this? Pure incorrigible fatalism? Or does it not have a secret meaning? We divest ourselves of everything, even of ourselves in the last moment of life (death), because we have been made neither for this world nor for ourselves, but for the Great Other who must fill our life: God. God takes everything from us in life, in order to reserve us ever more intensely for Himself; He can even take away the certainty that it was all worth the pain. Even so, we persist, believing in the sacred words: “For if our heart condemns us, God is greater than our heart” (cf. 1 Jn 3,20). Whoever can accept the integration of the negative, including the unjust, into his own Center, would have reached the highest degree of humanization, and of inner liberty.

The negative and the crises we are going through offer us a lesson: the lesson of divesting and of preparing for the total plenitude in God. Then, we will be God, through participation, as the mystic Saint John of the Cross, says.
Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The permanent challenge: Caring for oneself

Leonardo Boff4 Comentários

In considering the category of “caring” in our relationship with Mother Earth and with all beings, Pope Francis stressed not just a virtue, but a true paradigm that represents an alternative to the paradigm of modernity, namely, that of the drive for power, that has caused so much damage.

We must take care of everything, including ourselves, because we are the closest of our neighbors and, at the same time, the most complex and most undecipherable of all beings.

Do we know who we are? What do we exist for? Were are we going? Reflecting on these inescapable questions, it is worth remembering the thoughts of Blaise Pascal (1623-1662), perhaps the most true:

What is the human being in nature? The human is a nothing in the face of the infinite, and a whole in the face of nothingness; a link between the nothing and the whole, but incapable of seeing the nothingness whence he comes or the infinite whither he goes. (Pensées § 72).

We truly do not know who we are. We only distrust, as Guimarães Rosa would say. To the degree that we live and suffer, we slowly go about discovering who we are. In the final analysis, we are expressions of that background (the image of God?), that sustains and directs everything.

Along with what we really are, there is also that which we potentially can be. The potential is also part of the real, perhaps it is our best part. Starting with this background, we can develop points to guide us in the search for that which we want and can be.

In this search caring for oneself performs a decisive function. First, it is not about a narcissistic view of one’s ego. That generally leads not to self knowledge but to identification with a projected image of oneself and therefore is false and alienating.

Michel Foucauld, in his thorough study, The hermeneutics of the subject (2004), tried to resurrect the Western tradition of caring for the self, especially as seen through the wise men of the Second and Third centuries, like Seneca, Marcus Aurelius, Epictetus and others. The great motto was the famous ghôti seautón, know thyself. That knowledge is not abstract, but very concrete: recognize that which you are, try to deepen thyself to discover your potential; try to make real that which you in fact can become.

In this context the different virtues were addressed, so well discussed by Socrates. He warned about avoiding the worst of the vices, one that has become common among us: namely, hubris. Hubris is to exceed one’s limits and to strive to be special, above others. Perhaps hubris is the worst aspect of Western culture, of Christian culture, especially of the culture of the United States with its imagined Manifest Destiny (the belief in being the new chosen people of God): the feeling of superiority and of exceptionality, imposing our values on others, sanctioned by God.

The first that must be said is that the human is a being and not a thing. Humans are not a substance, constituted once and for all, but a knot of relationships always active, that through the chain of relationships are continuously constructing themselves, as the universe does. All beings of the universe, according to the new cosmology, are carriers of a certain subjectivity, because they have a history, live in an interaction and interdependency of all with all, learning through inter-exchange and accumulation of information. This is a universal cosmologic principle. But the human being has its own form of this principle, namely, the fact of being a conscious and reflecting being. The human being knows that he knows and that he does not know and, to be complete, does not know what he does not know.

This knot of relationships is built from a Center, around which relationships with others are organized. That profound I is never alone. Its solitude is for communion. It demands a you. Or, better, according to Martin Buber, it is where the you begins that the I awakens and is formed. From the I and the you is born the us.

Caring for oneself implies, in the first place, accepting oneself the way one is, with one’s talents and limitations. Not with bitterness, like those who want to change their existential situation, but with joviality. It is to accept one’s own face, hair, legs, breasts, appearance and mode of being in the world; in short, to accept our bodies (see Corbin et all, O corpo, 3 vol. 2008). When we accept ourselves more, fewer plastic surgery clinics will exist. With the physical characteristics we have, we should develop our mode of being in the world.

Nothing is more ridiculous than to artificially construct beauty, in disharmony with one’s inner beauty. It is a vain attempt to “photo shop” our own image.

Caring for oneself demands knowing how to combine our aptitudes with our motivations. It is not enough to have an aptitude for music if we are not motivated to be musicians. Likewise, the motivation to be musicians is of no use if we do not have the aptitude for that. We just waste our energies and gather frustrations. We wind up being mediocre, something that does not make us better.

Another aspect of caring for oneself is to know and to learn to coexist with the dark dimension that accompanies the light dimension. We love and we hate. We are made with those contradictions. Anthropologically, it is said that we are simultaneously sapiens and demens, people with both awareness, and rudeness. We are the intersection of those opposites.

Caring for oneself is to be able to create a synthesis, where the contradictions do not annul each other, but the luminous side predominates.

To care for ourselves is to love, to accept, to recognize our vulnerabilities, to be able to cry, to know how to forgive and to develop the resilience that is the capacity to overcome and learn from our mistakes and contradictions. Then we can write straight, even if the lines are crooked.

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.