Categoria: Idiomas

What should be included in the educational process

Leonardo Boff2 Comentários

Generally the educational process of society and its institutions, such as the network of schools and universities, lags behind the changes they produce. The eventual processes are not foreseen, and it is hard to make the necessary changes to keep up with them.

Among others, two great changes are occurring: the appearance of global communication, via the Internet and social networks, and the great ecological crisis that endangers the life-system and the Earth-system. We could eventually disappear from the Earth. To avoid that apocalypse, a new educational system is needed, one that is very different from that which has prevailed until now.

Knowledge is not enough. We need consciousness, a new mindset and a new heart. We also need a new paradigm. It is urgent that we re-invent ourselves as humans, in the sense of finding a new way to inhabit the planet, with a different type of civilization. As Hannah Arendt put it so well: «we can inform ourselves our whole lives without ever educating ourselves». We have to re-educate ourselves now.

This is why, besides those dimensions I add these two: learning to care and learning to become spiritual.

But first we must restore the cordial, sensible or emotional intelligence. Without that kind of intelligence, it makes little sense to talk of caring or spirituality. This is because the modern educational system is grounded in intellectual, instrumental and analytical reason. That is a form of knowing and dominating reality which converts it into a mere object. With the pretext that it would undermine the objectivity of knowledge, sensible reason has been repressed. What emerged was a cold vision of the world. A sort of lobotomy occurred, that prevents us from sensing that we are part of nature, and perceiving the pain of the others.

We know that intellectual reason, as it now exists, is recent, beginning about 200 thousand years ago, when homo sapiens with its neocortical brain appeared. But prior to that, some 200 million years ago, the limbic brain accompanied the appearance of mammals. With the mammals, love and caring – the feelings mammals dedicate to their young – entered the world. We humans have forgotten that we are intellectual mammals. Consequently, we are fundamentally carriers of emotions, passions and affections. In the limbic brain resides the niche of ethics, of oceanic feelings such as religious feeling. Even earlier, some 300 million years ago, there appeared the reptilian brain, which is responsible for our instinctive reactions; but we will not deal with that here.

What is important now is that we must enrich our intellectual reason with our much more ancestral cordial reason, if we want to realize caring and spirituality.

Without these two dimensions we will not mobilize to care for the Earth, the water, the weather, or inclusive relationships. We need to care for everything, otherwise, things will deteriorate and perish. And then we would face an encounter with a dramatic scene.

Another task is to rescue the spiritual dimension. This should not be identified with religion. Spirituality underlies religion because spirituality precedes religion. Spirituality is a dimension inherent to the human being, like reason, will, and sexuality. It is the profound site from where arise the questions of the ultimate meaning of life and the world. Sadly, these questions have been considered private, and without much value. But without them, life loses its radiance and joy. Moreover, there is new data: neurologists have concluded that whenever a person deals with the questions of meaning, of the sacred and of God, there is a perceivable activation of the neurons of the frontal lobe. They call this «the God point» of the brain, a kind of inner organ, through which we capture the Presence of a powerful and loving Energy that links and re-links all things.

Nourishing that «God point» makes us more solidarian, loving and caring. God opposes the consumerism and materialism of our culture. Everyone, especially those who are in the school, must be initiated into this spirituality, because it makes us more sensitive to the others, more linked to Mother Earth, to nature and to caring, values without which we cannot guarantee a good future for us all.

Cordial intelligence and spirituality are the most urgent demands that the present threatening situation poses for us.
Leonardo Boff
02-27-2015
Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Limits to the freedom of expression

Leonardo Boff7 Comentários

The terrorists attacks in Paris and Copenhagen earlier this year, perpetrated by Islamist extremists and precipitated by cartoons deemed insulting to Mahomet, have brought freedom of expression under scrutiny. In France there is a true, almost hysterical, obsession with affirming the limitless freedom of expression, the sacred legacy, as the French say, of illuminism and the lay nature of the State. Freedom of expression is absolute.

To the contrary, and with good reason, the prophetic bishop Don Pedro Casaldaliga asserted: «other than God and hunger; nothing is absolute in this world, everything else is relative and limited». Extending Gödel’s theorem beyond mathematics, one can affirm the insurmountable incompleteness, and limitations on everything that exists. Why would freedom of expression be different? Freedom of expression does not escape the limits that must be recognized. Otherwise, we would give free rein both to all is good, and to vendettas. The French idea of freedom of expression implies unlimited tolerance: everything must be endured. We assert that, to the contrary: tolerance always has ethical limits that preclude «all is good» and the disrespect for others that erodes personal and social relations.

The exercise of freedom that involves offending others threatens people’s lives, and even the entire ecosystem (indiscriminate deforestation). Violating what others hold sacred should have no place in a society that considers itself even minimally human. But there are French people (not all the French), who want a freedom of expression immune to any restriction. The result of this position sadly has been seen: if freedom is absolute, then it must be absolute for everyone and under all circumstances. Certainly, that is what the terrorists thought who killed the Charlie Hebdo cartoonists, and those who killed other people in Copenhagen, in the name of that absolute freedom. It is pointless to claim that legal recourse exists. Once evil is accomplished, it cannot always be repaired, and can leave indelible scars.

Freedom without limits is absurd and philosophically indefensible. To counter the excesses of freedom, we often hear the phrase, considered almost as a truism: «my freedom ends where yours begins».

I never saw anyone question this belief, but we must do so. In light of its underlying assumptions, we should submit it to a more careful critique. It relates to the typical freedom of liberalism, as a political philosophy.

Let us explain it better: with the fall of socialism as it actually existed, as Pope John Paul II recognized at a given moment, certain virtues were lost that socialism, for better or worse, had promoted: the idea of internationalism, the importance of solidarity and the emphasis on the social, over the individual.

When Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan assumed power, liberal ideals and capitalist culture returned in full force, without the socialist counterbalance: the exaltation of the individual, the supremacy of private property, purely representative democracy, diminished as a result, and the freedom of the markets. The consequences are visible: there is far less international solidarity and concern for changes that favor the poor peoples of the world. What predominates is a perverse competition, and a lack of solidarity, that eliminate the feeble.

The phrase «my freedom ends where yours begins» must be understood with this background. It is about an individualist understanding of the I alone, apart from society. It is the desire to be free from the other, rather than exercising freedom with the other.

It assumes that for your freedom to begin, my freedom must end. For you to start to be free, I must stop being free. Consequently, if for any reason the freedom of the other does not start, that means that my freedom knows no limits, it expands freely because it encounters no limits in the freedom of the other. It occupies the whole space and inaugurates the empire of egoism. The freedom of the other is transformed into freedom against the other.

That understanding underlies the current concept of territorial sovereignty of national states. Up to the borders of another state, it is absolute. Beyond those borders, it disappears. The result is that solidarity no longer has a place. Dialogue, negotiation, seeking convergences and the transnational common good, are not promoted, as has been clearly shown in the different gatherings of the UN on global warming. No one wants to give up anything. That is why no form of consensus can be reached, while global warning increases daily.

When there is a conflict between two countries, the diplomatic path of dialogue is normally invoked. When dialogue is frustrated, force is considered as a means of resolving the conflict. The sovereignty of one crushes the sovereignty of the other.

Lately, given the destructive nature of war, the theory of win-win has appeared to overcome win-lose. Dialogue is established. All parties appear flexible and ready for concessions and adjustments. All wind up gaining, maintaining the freedom and sovereignty of each country.

Therefore, the correct phrase would be: my freedom only starts when your freedom also starts. This is the lasting legacy of Paulo Freire: we will never be free alone; we only will be free together. My freedom grows to the degree that your freedom also grows, and together we create a society of free and liberated citizens.

Behind this understanding is the idea that no one is an island. We are beings of coexistence. We are bridges that link one another. Therefore no one exists without the others and the freedom of the others. We all are called to be free, with the others and with freedom for the others. As Che Guevara expressed well in his Diary: «I will only be truly free when the last man has also won his freedom».

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

To human aggression, the Earth responds with flowers

Leonardo Boff6 Comentários

Besides being at the center of a crisis of planetary proportions, we are now confronting an irreversible process. The Earth will never again be the same. Her physical-chemical-ecological base has been transformed in such a profound way that she has lost her internal equilibrium. She has entered into a chaotic process, this is, she has lost her sustainability, affecting the continuation of what she had been doing for millennia: producing and reproducing life.

All chaos has two sides: one destructive and the other creative. The destructive side is the dismantling of a kind of equilibrium, resulting in the erosion of some of the biodiversity and, in the end, of the human species, caused either by its incapacity to adapt to the new situation or its inability to mitigate its lethal effects. At the end of that process of purification, the chaos will start to show its generative face. It will create new orders, stabilize climates, and allow the surviving human beings to build a new type of civilization.

The history of the Earth shows us that she has experienced about fifteen great destructions, such as the Cambrian, 480 million years ago, that destroyed 80-90% of the species. But since she is a generous mother, the Earth slowly rebuilt the diversity of life.

Today, a large majority of the scientific community alerts us to the eventual collapse of the life-system, that could threaten the very future of the human species. We all can perceive the changes that are occurring before our eyes. Great extremes occur: on one side, prolonged summers associated with great water shortages that affect the ecosystems and society as a whole, as is happening in South East Brazil. In other parts of the planet, such as the United States, there are extreme winters, such as had not been seen for decades, or even hundreds of years.

The fact is that we have reached the physical limits of planet Earth. As we push those limits, as is caused by our productivity and consumerist voracity, the Earth responds with hurricanes, tsunamis, devastating floods, earthquakes and an irreversible rise in global warming. If we increase temperature by two degrees centigrade, the situation could still be manageable. But if we do not do what we must, drastically decreasing the emission of greenhouse gasses, and do not re-orient our relationship with nature towards a collective self-restraint, and respect for the limits of endurance of each ecosystem, then a rise of from four to six degrees centigrade is likely. Then we will experience the “tribulation of the desolation”, to use a Biblical expression, and a great part of the forms of life that we know, including portions of humanity, will not be able to subsist.

On January 15, 2015, the well known magazine Science published Planetary Boundaries: Guiding human development on a changing Planet, a work on planetary limits by 18 scientists. These scientists identified nine dimensions that fundamentally challenge the continuity of life and our attempt at civilization. It is worth mentioning them: (1) climate change; (2) changes in the integrity of the biosphere, with the erosion of the bio-diversity and accelerated extinction of species; (3) reduction in the stratospheric ozone layer that protects us from the lethal rays of the sun; (4) the increased acidification of the oceans; (5) the disruption of the bio-geo-chemical flows (the cycles of phosphorous and nitrogen, fundamental for life); (6) such changes in soil usage as the increasing deforestation and desertification; (7) the threatened scarcity of drinking water; (8) the concentration of aerosols in the atmosphere (microscopic particles that affect climate and living beings); and (9) the introduction of synthetic chemical agents, radioactive materials and nano-materials that threaten life.

Of these nine dimensions, the first four have already exceeded their limits, and the others are in an elevated state of degeneration. This systematic war on Gaia can lead her to collapse, such as occurs with people.

And in spite of this dramatic scene, I look around and see, entranced, the forest filled with cuaresmeiras, violet lent trees, yellow casias, and, by the corner of my home, flowering amaryllis belladonnas, toucans on the trees outside my window, and the araras that nest bellow the roof.

Then I realize that Earth really is a generous mother: to our aggressions, she still smiles with flora and fauna. And she gives us hope that it is not the apocalypse, but a new Genesis, that is coming. The Earth will survive. As the Judeo-Christian scriptures assure us: “God is the sovereign lover of life (Sab 11,26). And God will not permit the disappearance of the life that so painfully overcame chaos.

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The Common Good was Thrown into Limbo

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

In the middle of a threatening water and energy crisis in Brazil, current political discussions are obfuscated by the particular interests of each party. There is an attempt at destabilizing the new administration of Dilma Rousseff by the dominant groups, behind which are hiding the large corporations, national and multinational, the corporate media and, surely, the actions of the security forces of the North-American empire. It is not just about the ferocious criticism of the official policies, something even more profound is at play: the desire to dismantle, and, if possible, to eliminate the Labor Party, PT – from the Portuguese name – that represents the interests of the populations that historically have always been neglected. It is very hard for the conservative elites to accept the new historical subject –the organized people and their political expression – because they feel that their privileges are threatened. As the elites are clearly egotistical and have never considered the common good, they strive to remove from the scene the social and political force that can irreversibly change the destiny of Brazil.

We are forgetting that the essence of politics is the common search for the common good. One of the most devastating effects of global capitalism and its ideology, neoliberalism, is the destruction of the goals of the common good and social welfare. We know that civilized societies are built on three fundamental pillars: participation (the citizenry), social cooperation and respect for human rights. Together, they create the common good. But the common good has been thrown into the limbo of preoccupation with politics. It has been replaced by the concepts of profitability, flexibility, adaptability and competitiveness. The freedom of the citizen is replaced by the freedom of the market forces, the common good by the individual good, and cooperation by competition.

Participation, cooperation and human rights guaranteed each person’s existence with dignity. By denying those values, people’s existence is no longer socially guaranteed, nor are their rights assured. As a result, everyone feels compelled to guarantee his or her own: employment, salary, car, family. Individualism, the greatest enemy of social coexistence, rules. Consequently, people are not encouraged to build something in common. The only thing that is left in common is the war of all against all, seeking individual survival.

In this context, who will see to the common good of planet Earth? In a recent article in the magazine Science, (01/15/2015) 18 scientists list the nine Planetary Boundaries, four of which have been already exceeded (climate, integrity of the biosphere, use of the soil, biogeochemical fluxes-phosphorous and nitrogen). The others are in an advanced state of degradation. Just exceeding those four can make the Earth less hospitable for millions of people, and for biodiversity. What world organ is confronting this situation, that destroys the planetary common good?

Who will care for the common interests of more than seven billion people? Neoliberalism is deaf, blind and mute on this fundamental question, as Pope Francis keeps repeating as a ritornello. It would be contrary to neoliberalism to address the common good, because neoliberalism defends political and social concepts that are directly opposed to the common good. Neoliberalism’s basic purpose is: the market has to win and society must loose, because the market will regulate and solve everything. That being so, why should we build things in common? Social well being has lost its legitimacy.

However, the growing impoverishment of the world is the result of the excluding and predatory logic of the present competitive, liberalizing, deregulating and privatizing globalization. The greater the privatization, the more individual interests are legitimated, to the detriment of the general interest. As Thomas Piketty has shown in his book, Capitalism in the XXI Century, with greater privatization, inequalities grow. It is the triumph of killer capitalism. How much social perversity and barbarism can the spirit take? Greece has shown that can not take any more. Greece refuses to accept the diktat of the markets, in her case principally imposed by Merkel’s Germany and Hollande’s France.

In summary: what is the common good? In the infra-structural plane, it is the just access by all to food, health, housing, energy, security and culture. in the humanistic plane, it is acknowledgement, respect and peaceful coexistence. Having been dismantled by competitive globalization, the common good must now be rebuilt. To that end, it is important to give supremacy to cooperation, rather than competition. Without that change, it will be difficult for the human community to stay united and to look forward to a good future.

Now, this reconstruction is the nucleus of the political project of the PT and its ideological allies. Begun correctly, Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) was subsequently transformed through several popular public policies. It attempted to lay a solid foundation: a new social pact starting with the values of cooperation and good will towards all. But the effect has been weak, given our individualist and patrimonial tradition. However, at bottom, there remains this basic humanistic conviction: there is no long range future for a society founded on the lack of justice, equality, fraternity, respect for the basic rights, caring for the natural resources and cooperation. It denies the most basic longing of the human being since its appearance on the evolutionary stage, millions of years ago. Whether we like it or not, even accepting its errors and corruption, the best of the PT articulated and articulates that ancestral longing. Therefore, it can restore itself, renewing and nourishing its strength to summon others. If not the PT, other actors in other times will do so.

Cooperation is strengthened by the cooperation that we must unconditionally offer.
Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.