Categoria: Idiomas

The art of caring for the sick

Leonardo Boff2 Comentários

 

Over the last few years I have worked extensively on caring, above all in the books Knowing How to Care and The Necessary Caring. Caring, more than a technique or a virtue, is, among other things, an art and a new paradigm of respect – loving, diligent and participative – for nature and for human relationships. I have attended many gatherings and conferences of health professionals, with whom I have been able to talk and learn, because caring is the natural ethic of this sacred activity. I retake here some ideas relating to the attitudes that must be present in those who care for the sick at home or in a hospital. Let’s look at some of them.

Compassion: is the capacity of putting oneself in the place of the other and to feel with him/her, so that the sick person feels that s/he is not alone in his/her pain.

Essential caressing: to touch the other is to return to him/her the certitude that s/he belongs to humanity; the touch of a caress is a manifestation of love. Frequently the illness is a sign that the patient wants to communicate, to talk, to be listened to. The patient looks for meaning in the illness. The nurse and the physician, man or woman, can help the patient open up and talk. According to testimony of a nurse: “When I touch you, I care for you, when I care for you I touch you… If you are elderly I care for you when you are tired, I touch you when I embrace you; I touch you when you are crying, I care for you when you can no longer walk”.

Sensible assistance: The patient needs help and the nurse wants to care. The convergence of these two movements generates reciprocity and overcomes the sense of an unequal relationship. To create support that helps maintain a relative autonomy, assistance must be prudent: encouraging the patient to do what s/he can, and doing it or assisting the patient only when s/he cannot do it alone.

To return the trust in life: What the patient most desires is to recuperate the lost equilibrium and be healthy again. Hence one must be decisive, returning to the patient the trust in life, in his/her interior energies, physical, psychical and spiritual, because they act as true medicines. One must encourage symbolic gestures charged with affection. It is not rare that the drawings of a little girl elicit in her sick father as much energy and good spirit as if he had taken the best medications. Help the patient welcome the human condition: Normally the patient asks himself with surprise: Why did this happen to me now, when all was going so well for me? Why if I am still young has this grave illness attacked me? Why are family, social and labor relationships cut off by the illness? Such questioning is a humble reflection on the condition humaine, exposed at every moment to unexpected risks and vulnerabilities.

Any healthy person can fall ill.  And all illness refers to health, which is the principal point of reference. But we can not jump higher than our shadow, and there is no way but to welcome life as it is: in health and illness, strong and fragile, passionate for life and accepting of eventual illness and, finally, death itself. In those moments the patients make profound reflections on life. They are not satisfied by the purely scientific explanations (always necessary) given by physicians, but long for a meaning that comes from a profound dialogue with the Self, or from the wise word of a priest, pastor or spiritual person. They then retake the everyday values that previously went unnoticed, redefining their life plan and maturing. And in the end, they are at peace.

To accompany the patient in the great journey: There is an inevitable moment when everyone, even the most elderly person in the world, has to die. It is the law of life, being subject to death. It is a decisive journey.  One must be prepared for a life guided by generous, responsible and beneficial moral values. However, for the great majority, death is suffered as an assault and a kidnapping in the face of which one is impotent.  And finally one understands that everything must be relinquished.

The discreet, respectful presence of the nurse, offering a hand, whispering words of comfort, inviting the patient to embrace the encounter with the Light and go to the womb of God, who is Father and Mother of goodness, can help the moribund leave life serenely, with gratitude for the life one has lived.

If the patient has a religious orientation, whisper in the ear the consoling words of Saint John: If your heart accuses you, remember that God is greater than your heart (John 1, 3, 20). The patient can give him/herself up with tranquility to God, whose heart is pure love and mercy. To die is to fall into the arms of God.

Here caring reveals itself much more as an art than a technique, and presupposes in the health professional a density of life, spiritual meaning, and a vision that extends beyond life and death.

To reach that phase is the mission that nurses and physicians, men or women, must seek, in order to be fully the servants of life. There is value to all in these wise words: The tragedy of life is not death, but that we let ourselves die inside while we are still living.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, cybermelinaalfaro@bandalibre.com,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The war between the Liberation Theology movement and Rome is over

Leonardo Boff2 Comentários
Muitos solicitaram uma versão inglesa deste texto importante sobre a nova relação da Teologia da Libertação com o Vaticano e vice-versa. Aqui segue pois a versão: Lboff

 

 

Gerhard Ludwig Müller

GERHARD LUDWIG MÜLLER

The Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Gerhard Ludwig Müller, pays tribute to the Liberation Theology movement honouring his long friendship with Peruvian theologian Gutiérrez

GIANNI VALENTE
VATICAN CITY

“The Latin American ecclesial and theological movement known as “Liberation Theology”, which spread to other parts of the world after the Second Vatican Council, should in my opinion be included among the most important currents in 20th century Catholic theology.” This authoritative and glorifying historical evaluation of Liberation Theology did not just come from some ancient South American theologian who is out of touch wit the times. The above statement was made by Archbishop Gerhard Ludwig Müller, Prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith which Ratzinger headed in the 1980’s, after John Paul I appointed him to the post. The Prefect gave two instructions, warning against pastoral and doctrinal deviations from Latin American theological currents of thought.

This decisive comment about the Liberation Theology movement is not just some witty remark that happened to escape the mouth of the current custodian of Catholic orthodoxy. The same balanced opinion pervades the densely written pages of “On the Side of the Poor. The Theology of Liberation”, a collection of essays co-written with liberation theologian Gustavo Gutiérrez and published in Germany in 2004. Gutiérrez invented the formula for defining the Liberation Theology movement, whose actions were – for a long time – closely scrutinised by the Ratzinger-led Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith. The movement was not criticised once during this time.

Today the book seems to wave goodbye in a way to the theological wars of the past and the hostility that flash up now and again, to cause alarm on purpose.

The book put an official seal on a common path the two had followed for many years. Müller never hid his closeness to Gustavo Gutiérrez, whom he met in Lima in 1988, during a study seminar. During the ceremony for the honorary degree which the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru granted to Müller in 2008, the then bishop of Regensburg defined the theological thought of his master and Peruvian friend as fully orthodox. In the months before Müller’s nomination as head of the dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith, some claimed his closeness to Gutiérrez proved he was not suited to the role previously held by Cardinal Ratzinger (24 long years).

In the book’s essays, the two authors/friends back each other up. Müller says the merits of Liberation Theology go beyond the Latin American Catholic. The Prefect stressed that in recent decades, Latin America’s Liberation Theology movement has been oriented towards the image of Jesus Christ the Redeemer and liberator, an image all genuinely Christian theological currents are oriented towards. This stems from an evangelical inclination towards the poor. Müller affirmed that “poverty in Latin America oppresses children, the elderly and the sick,” to such an extent that many are driven to “contemplate death as the only way out.” Right from the outset, the Liberation Theology movement “forced” theological movements founded elsewhere, not to consider the real living conditions of people and individuals as something abstract. He saw “the body of Christ” in the poor, as Pope Francis does.

The arrival of the Catholic Church’s first Latin American Pope made it possible to look at those years and experience without being conditioned by the controversies that raged at the time. Without the ritualism of the false mea culpas and superficial changes, it is easier today to see that the hostility shown by certain sections of the Church towards the Liberation Theology movement was politically motivated and did not really stem from a desire to preserve and spread the faith of the apostles. Those who paid the price were the theologians and pastors who were completely immersed in the evangelical faith of their people. They either ended up in the mince or faded into the shadows. For a long time, the hostility shown towards the Liberation Theology movement was invaluable factor in helping some climb the ecclesiastical career ladder.

In one of his speeches, Müller (who in an interview on 27 December 2012 suggested it was likely a Latin American would substitute Ratzinger as Pope) did not hesitate to describe the political and geopolitical factors that had influenced certain “crusades” against the Liberation Theology movement: “the satisfaction of depriving the Liberation Theology movement of all meaning was intensified by capitalism’s sense of triumph, which was probably considered to have gained absolute victory. It was seen as an easy target that could be fitted into the same category as revolutionary violence and Marxist terrorism,” Müller said. He referred to a secret document prepared for President Reagan by the Committee of Santa Fé in 1980 (so 4 years before the Vatican’s first Instruction on the Liberation Theology movement), requesting that the U.S. government take aggressive action against the movement, which was accused of transforming the Catholic Church into “a political weapon against private property and productive capitalism by infiltrating the religious community with ideas that are less Christian than communist.” Müller said: “The impertinence shown by the document’s authors, who are themselves guilty of brutal military dictatorships and powerful oligarchies, is disturbing. Their interest in private property and the capitalist production system has replaced Christianity as a criterion.”

The human being as the hub of all relationships

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

In 1845 Karl Marx wrote his famous 11 Thesis on Feuerbach, published only in 1888 by Engels.  In the sixth thesis, Marx says something true but reductionist: «The human essence is the gathering of social relations». In effect, the human essence cannot be imagined independently of social relations, but it is much more than that, because it is the result of the combination of these social relations.

Descriptively, without trying to define the human essence, it appears as a point of relationships of the greatest complexity, facing all directions: upwards, downwards, to the inside and outwards. It is like a rhizome, a bulb with roots in all directions. The human being is defined by the degree to which it activates this collection of relationships, not only the social ones.

In other words, the human being is characterized by its appearance as an unlimited opening: towards itself, to the world, towards the other, and towards the totality. The human being feels an infinite pulsation within, but finds only finite objects. Hence this permanent incompleteness and dissatisfaction. This is not a psychological problem that can be cured by a psychoanalyst or a psychiatrist. It is a human’s distinctive, ontological, trademark, and not a defect.

But, accepting Marx’s affirmation, a good part of the making of the human is effectively accomplished through society. Hence the importance of considering which social formation creates the best conditions for the human being to open fully to the greatest variety of relationships.

Without offering the proper mediations, it is said that the best social formation is that of social democracy: communitarian, social, representative, participatory, from the bottom up, and including everyone without exception. In the words of Boaventura de Souza Santos, democracy should have no end. We have to deal with an open-ended project, always under construction, one that starts with the relationships within the family, the school, the community, the associations, the movements, and the churches, and culminates in the organization of the State.

As Herbert de Souza (Betinho) emphasized so strongly during his life, I see that, like a table, at a minimum, a true democracy is supported by four legs.  This is an idea that we tried together to disseminate, in conferences and debates, to mayors and popular leaders alike.

The first leg consists of participation: the human being, intelligent and free, does not want to be only the beneficiary of a process, but an actor and participant in it. Only then does s/he become a subject and a citizen. This participation must come from below, in order not to exclude anyone.

The second leg consists of equality. We live in a world with all types of inequalities. Each one is unique and different. But a developing participation in everything keeps differences from turning into inequalities, and allows equality to grow. Equality in the recognition of the dignity of each person and respect for his/her rights sustains social justice. With equality comes equity: the sufficient share that each person receives for cooperating in the building of the social whole.

The third leg is difference. It is a gift of nature. Every being, above all every human being, man or woman, is different. This must be accepted and respected as a manifestation of the potential of persons, groups, and cultures. These differences show us that we humans come in many forms, all of them human, and therefore deserving of respect and acceptance.

The fourth leg is found in communion: the human being has subjectivity, the capacity to communicate with his/her inner being, and with the subjectivity of the others.  S/he is the carrier of values such as solidarity, compassion, protection of the most vulnerable and dialogue with nature and with the divine. Here spirituality appears, as a dimension of consciousness making us feel that we are part of a Whole, and as the group of intangible values that give meaning to our personal and social life, and also to the whole universe.

These four legs always go together and balance the table, that is, they sustain a real democracy. This teaches us to be co-authors in building the common good, and in its name, we learn to limit our desires, out of our love of satisfying the collective desires.

This four legged table would not exist if it were not supported by the floor and the earth. In the same way, democracy would not be complete if it did not include nature, which makes everything possible. Nature provides the physical-chemical-ecological basis that sustains life, and each and every one of us. Since they have value in themselves, independently of the use we would make of them, all beings are carriers of rights. They deserve to continue to exist and we should respect them and understand them as citizens. They will be included in an endless socio-cosmic democracy.  Through all these dimensions, the human being is realized throughout history, in a process without limit and without end.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The “temptation” of Francis of Assisi and the possible “temptation” of Francis of Rome

Leonardo Boff2 Comentários

Let us not imagine that saints are free from the vicissitudes common to human life, which includes moments of happiness and frustration, dangerous temptations and courageous stands. It was no different with Saint Francis, portrayed as «the always happy brother», courteous, who lived a mystical union with all creatures, whom he considered his brothers and sisters. But at the same time, he was a person of great passions and profound rage when he saw his ideals betrayed by his brothers. His foremost biographer, Friar Tommaso da Celano, described with cruel realism that Francis suffered temptations of «violent lust», that he knew how to symbolically sublimate.

There is, however, a fact that pious Franciscan historiography hides, but that is well documented by historical critique, and that is known as «the great temptation». The last five years of Francis’ life (he died in 1226) were marked by deep anguish, almost desperation, and the grave illnesses that afflicted him, such as malaria and blindness. The problem was objective: his ideal of life was to live in extreme poverty and radical simplicity, divested of all power, and sustained only by the Gospel read to him without the interpretation  that often shroud its revolutionary meaning.

As it happened, in a few years his lifestyle captivated thousands of followers, more than five thousand. How to shelter them? How to feed them? Many were priests and theologians, such as Saint Anthony. His movement had neither structure nor legality. It was purely a dream taken seriously. Francis understood himself as a «novellus pazzus», a «new madman» that God wanted for the very wealthy Church, led by Pope Innocence III, the most powerful of all popes throughout history.

Beginning in the Summer of 1220, he wrote several versions of a rule that were all rejected by the gatherings of the fraternity. They were too utopic. Frustrated and feeling useless, he decided to renounce leadership of the movement. Filled with anguish and without knowing what else to do, he found refuge in the woods for two years, visited only by his intimate friend friar Leo.  He waited for a divine illumination that would not come. Meanwhile, a rule was drafted that was marked by the influence of the Roman Curia and the Pope, turning the movement into a religious order: the Order of Friars Minor, with defined structure and purposes.  Francis, with pain, humbly accepted it. But he clearly stated that he would no longer discuss it, but would continue giving examples of the primitive dream. Law triumphed over life, power confined charisma. But the spirit of Francis remained: the spirit of poverty, of simplicity, of universal brotherhood that inspires us to this day. Francis died amidst great personal frustration, but without losing his happiness. He died singing Provencal songs of love and the psalms.

Francis of Rome will surely face his own «great temptation», no less than the one of Francis of Assisi. He has to reform the Roman Curia, an institution that is about one thousand years old. In it, the sacred power (sacra potestas) has fossilized into an administrative structure.  At any rate, it is a question of administering an institution with a population as large as China’s: one billion, two hundred million Catholics. But one must immediately be warned: it is difficult for love and mercy to co-exist with power.  It is an empire of doctrine, law and order, that by its nature includes or excludes, approves or condemns.

Where there is power, above all in an absolutist monarchy such as the Vatican State, there always arise anti-power intrigues, career climbers, and power disputes. Thomas Hobbes in his famous Leviatan (1651) saw it clearly: «power can not be guaranteed other than by seeking more and more power». Francis of Rome, presently the local bishop and Pope, must intervene in that power, marked by a thousand tricks, and sometimes, by corruption. We know from previous Popes who also proposed to reform the Curia, the resistance and frustrations they had to endure, including suspicion of the physical elimination of a Pope by people of the ecclesiastic administration. Francis of Rome has the spirit of Francis of Assisi: he is for poverty, simplicity and relinquishing power. But fortunately, he is a Jesuit, with a different background, and endowed with the famous “discernment of spirits” of the Jesuit Order. Francis of Rome manifests an explicit tenderness in everything he does, but he can also show an unusual vigor, as befits a Pope with the mission of restoring the morally bankrupt Church.

Francis of Assisi had a few advisors, dreamers like himself, who did not know how to help him. Francis of Rome has surrounded himself with advisors chosen from every continent, persons of age, that is, with experience in the exercise of the sacred power. This Pope must acquire a different profile: one that is more nearly of service than command, more divested of than adorned with the symbols of palatial power, with more of the “flavor of the lamb” than the perfume of the flowers of the altar. The carrier of the sacred power must be a pastor before he is the carrier of ecclesiastic authority; he must preside more in charity and less with canonical right, he must be brother among his brothers, but with different responsibilities.

Will Francis of Rome face his «great temptation» inspired by his namesake of Assisi? I believe he will know how to have a firm hand and that he will not lack the courage to follow what his “discernment of spirit” dictates is necessary to effectively restore the credibility of the Church, and return the fascination with the figure of Jesus of Nazareth.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.