Über Abtreibung – für die Liebe zum Leben

Man kann sich kaum vorstellen, dass manche Menschen Abtreibung um ihrer selbst willen verteidigen. Abtreibung beinhaltet die Auslöschung von Leben oder das Eingreifen in einen vitalen Prozess, der in menschliches Leben kulminiert. Ich persönlich bin gegen Abtreibung, denn ich liebe das Leben in all seinen Phasen und all seinen Formen.

Das verstellt mir jedoch nicht den Blick auf eine makabre Realität, die wir nicht ignorieren dürfen und die sowohl den gesunden Menschenverstand als auch die staatlichen Stellen herausfordert. Jedes Jahr werden in Brasilien fast 800 000 illegale Abtreibungen durchgeführt. Alle zwei Tage stirbt eine Frau an den Folgen einer unsauber ausgeführten, illegalen Abtreibung.

Dieser Tatsache müssen wir begegnen, und zwar nicht mit Polizei, sondern mit einer verantwortungsvollen staatlichen Gesundheitspolitik und einem realistischen Sinn für Vernunft. Eine Haltung, die nur das Leben im Embryo kompromisslos verteidigt, nicht aber dieselbe Haltung in Bezug auf die Tausende von Kindern einnimmt, die verlassen im Elend leben und ohne Essen oder Liebe durch die Straßen unserer Städte ziehen, erachte ich als heuchlerisch. Leben muss man in all seinen Formen und Altersstufen lieben und nicht nur in seinem ersten Erwachen im Mutterleib. Es obliegt dem Staat und der ganzen Gesellschaft, für die Bedingungen zu sorgen, sodass Frauen im Allgemeinen keiner Abtreibung bedürfen.

Auf den Stufen der Kathedrale von Fortaleza stand ich selbst einer ausgehungerten Mutter bei, die bettelte und ihr Kind mit dem Blut ihrer Brust nährte. Sie war wie eine Ikone des Pelikans. Ich war perplex und voller Mitgefühl und nahm sie mit zum Haus des Kardinals Dom Aloisio Lorscheider, wo wir ihr halfen, so gut wir konnten. Aus solchen Gründen geschehen Abtreibungen, die stets schmerzhaft sind und die Seele der Mutter zutiefst belasten. Ich möchte erzählen, was Leon Bonaventure, der berühmte Psychoanalytiker aus der Schule C. G. Jungs, schrieb und was in seiner Einleitung zu einem Buch einer anderen Jungschen Psychoanalytikerin, der Italienerin Eva Pattis Zoja, mit dem Titel „Abtreibung, Verlorenes und Erneuerung: Paradoxon auf der Suche nach der Identität“ (Aborto, perdita e rinnovamento. Un paradosso nella ricerci di identità, Moretti & Vitali, 2013) aufgeführt war.

Leon Bonaventure berichtet mit der Feinsinnigkeit eines hervorragenden Psychoanalytikers, für den Spiritualität eine Quelle der Integration und eine Heilkunst für die Wunden der Seele darstellt:

“Ein Priester nahm einer Frau die Beichte ab, die zuvor abgetrieben hatte. Nachdem er ihrem Bekenntnis zugehört hatte, fragte der Priester: „Welchen Namen gabst du deinem Kind?“ Die Frau war überrascht und schwieg für eine Weile, denn sie hatte ihrem Kind keinen Namen gegeben.

“So”, sagte der Priester, “werden wir deinem Kind einen Namen geben, und wenn du einverstanden bist, werden wir es taufen.” Die Frau nickte bejahend, und so führten sie die symbolische Handlung aus.

Anschließend stellte der Priester einige Überlegungen über das Mysterium des Lebens an: “Leben existiert – sagte er -, das ans Tageslicht kommt, um auf Erden gelebt zu werden, sagen wir für 10, 50 oder 100 Jahre. Andere Leben werden nie das Sonnenlicht zu sehen bekommen. Im katholischen liturgischen Kalender wird am 28. Dezember der Tag der Unschuldigen Kinder begangen, der Neugeborenen, die grundlos sterben mussten, als das Göttliche Kind in Bethlehem zur Welt kam. Möge dieser Tag auch der Gedenktag deines Kindes sein.“

Und weiterhin sagte er: “In der christlichen Geburtstradition ist die Geburt eines Kindes immer ein Geschenk Gottes, ein Segen. In früheren Zeiten war es üblich, zum Tempel zu gehen und das Kind Gott darzubringen. Es ist nie zu spät, dein Kind Gott darzubringen.“

Der Priester schloss mit den Worten: “Als Mensch kann ich dich nicht verurteilen. Wenn du dich gegen das Leben versündigt hast, kann nur der Gott des Lebens dich mit dem Leben versöhnen. Gehe in Frieden. Und lebe.“ (S. 9).

Papst Franziskus empfiehlt stets Barmherzigkeit, Verständnis und Zärtlichkeit im Verhältnis zwischen Priestern und Gläubigen. Dieser Priester lebte vorausschauend diese zutiefst menschlichen Werte, die auch der historische Jesus von Nazareth bezeugte. Mögen diese Werte auch andere Priester zu einer solchen Menschlichkeit inspirieren.

übeersetzt von Bettina Gold-Hartnack

Las elecciones en Brasil a la luz de la historia anti-pueblo

Nada mejor que leer las actuales elecciones a la luz de la historia brasilera con la tensión entre las élites y el pueblo. Voy a valerme de la contribución de un historiador serio con formación en Roma, en Lovaina y en la USP de São Paulo, el padre José Oscar Beozzo, una de las inteligencias más brillantes de nuestro clero.

Dice Beozzo: «la cuestión de fondo en nuestra sociedad es la del derecho de los pequeños a la vida, amenazada siempre por la abismal desigualdad de acceso a los medios de vida y por las exiguas oportunidades abiertas a las grandes mayorías del piso de abajo.

Como nos enseña Caio Prado Júnior, nuestra desigual formación social reposa sobre cuatro pilares difíciles de remover: a) la gran propiedad de la tierra concentrada en las manos de unos pocos, de tal modo que no haya tierra “libre” y “disponible” para quien la trabaja o para quienes fueron sus dueños originarios, los pueblos indígenas; b) el predominio de la monocultura; c) la producción enfocada al mercado externo (azúcar, tabaco, algodón, café, cacao y hoy soja); d) el régimen de trabajo esclavo.

La independencia de Portugal no alteró ninguno de esos pilares. Los que en aquella época soñaron con un Brasil diferente proponían el cambio de la gran propiedad por la pequeña propiedad en manos de quien la trabajaba; de la monocultura por la policultura, de la producción para el mercado internacional por otra dirigida al autoconsumo y al abastecimiento del mercado interno; del trabajo esclavo por el trabajo familiar libre. Esto pudo darse en pequeñas regiones periféricas a las monoculturas tropicales, en la sierra gaucha y catarinense, con colonos alemanes, italianos, polacos, en una propiedad más democratizada.

Hubo una oposición general de los grandes propietarios esclavistas a cualquiera de esas medidas y fueron eliminados a sangre y fuego los levantamientos populares que apuntaban a cualquier medida democratizadora en la economía, en la política y sobre todo en las relaciones laborales. Basta recordar algunas de esas revueltas: la insurrección de los esclavos Malês en Bahía, la Balayada en Maranhão, la Cabanagem en la Amazonia, la revolución Playera en Pernambuco, la Farroupilha en el Sur.

La revolución del 30, con su rasgo nacionalista, desplazó aunque parcialmente el eje del país del mercado externo hacia el interno; del modelo agrario exportador al de sustitución de importaciones; del dominio de las élites exportadoras de café del pacto Minas/São Paulo hacia nuevos líderes de las zonas de producción para el mercado interno, como las de arroz y charque de Rio Grande del Sur; del voto restringido al voto “universal” (menos para los analfabetos, en aquella época todavía mayoría entre los adultos), del voto exclusivamente masculino al voto femenino; de las relaciones de trabajo dictadas solamente por el poder de los patrones a su regulación, por lo menos en la esfera industrial, con la creación del Ministerio de Trabajo y de las leyes del trabajo enfocadas hacia la clase obrera. No se consiguió tocar el dominio insoslayable de los propietarios de tierra en la regulación del trabajo dentro de sus propiedades, lo cual ocurrirá sólo después de 1964, con el Estatuto del Trabajador Rural.

Getulio implantó una política corporativista de apaciguamiento entre las clases y de “cooperación” entre capital y trabajo, entre los obreros y los capitanes de la industria en torno a un proyecto de industrialización y de defensa de los intereses nacionales.

En esta campaña electoral ciertos medios de comunicación han creado el eslogan: “Fuera PT”. Se busca acabar con la dictadura del PT para instaurar la “dictadura del mercado financiero”. ¿Qué es lo que molesta realmente? ¿La corrupción y el “mensalón”?

A mi modo de ver, lo que incomoda, pese a todos sus límites, son las medidas democratizadoras como la Pro-Uni, los cupos en las universidades para los estudiantes venidos de la escuela pública y no de los colegios particulares; los cupos para aquellos cuyos abuelos vinieron de la esclavitud; la reforma agraria, mucho menor todavía de lo que sería necesario; la demarcación y la homologación en área continua de la tierra Yanomami contra media docena de arroceros apoyados por el coro unánime de los latifundistas y del agronegocio, así como todos los programas sociales de Bolsa Familia, Luz para todos, Mi Casa, mi Vida, Más Médicos y de ahí por delante.

Nunca molestó a estos críticos que el Estado pagase los estudios a jóvenes estudiantes de familias ricas que dieron a sus hijos una buena educación en escuelas particulares, lo que les franqueó el acceso a la enseñanza gratuita en las universidades públicas, profundizando la desigualdad de oportunidades. Esos estudios cuestan mensualmente al Estado en los cursos de Medicina de seis a siete mil reales. Nunca protestaron esas familias contra esa “bolsa-limosna” dada a los ricos, considerada como un “derecho” debido a sus méritos y no como un puro y escandaloso privilegio. Son los mismos que se niegan a ejercer de médicos en el interior y en las periferias que no disponen ni de un solo medico.

Los que suben el tono diciendo que en el país todo va mal, que pese a la mejora del salario mínimo, la creación de millones de empleos, la ampliación de las políticas sociales dirigida a los más pobres, la creación de Más Médicos, se posicionan en contra de las políticas del PT que pretenden asegurar derechos ciudadanos, ampliar la democratización de la sociedad, combatir privilegios y sobre todo poner un poco de freno (insuficiente a mi modo de ver) a la ganancia y a la dictadura del capital financiero y del “mercado”.

Esta es la razón de mi voto para otro proyecto de país, que atienda las demandas siempre negadas a las grandes mayorías. Por eso, voté a Dilma en la primera vuelta y lo volveré a hacer en la segunda, respetando otras opciones». jbeozzo@terra.com.br
Me asocio a esta interpretación, también en el voto a Dilma Rousseff.

Traducción de Mª José Gavito Milano

Elections in Brazil in light of the anti-populist history

There is nothing better than viewing the present elections in light of the Brazilian history of tension between the elites and the people. I will avail myself of the contribution of a serious historian, educated in Rome, Louvain, and in the USP of Sao Paulo, father Jose Oscar Beozzo, one of the most brilliant minds of our clergy.

Says Beozzo: «the basic question in our society is the right of the marginalized to life, which is always threatened by the abysmal inequality of access to life’s necessities and by the meager opportunities open to the great majority of the lower strata.

As Caio Prado Junior teaches us, our unequal society rests on four pillars that are hard to dislodge: a) that ownership of the land is concentrated in the hands of the few, such that there is no “free” or “available” land for those who work it, or for those who were its original owners, the indigenous peoples; b) the predominance of monoculture; c) that production is focused on the foreign market (sugar, tobacco, cotton, coffee, cocoa, and now soy); d) the regime of slave labor.

Independence from Portugal did not alter any of those pillars. Those who at that time dreamed of a different Brazil proposed a change from ownership of large tracts, to ownership of small plots, in the hands of those who worked the land; from monoculture to polyculture, from production for the international market to production geared towards local consumption and supply for the domestic market; from slave labor to free family work. This could be done in small regions peripheral to tropical monocultures, in the Gaucha and Catarinense mountain ranges, with German, Italian and Polish colonists, in a more democratic form of property ownership.

The large slave owners were strongly opposed to all those measures, and they crushed by fire and sword the popular uprisings that in any way looked towards democratization of the economy, politics, and above all, of labor relations. Suffice it to recall some of those revolts: the insurrections of the Males slaves in Bahia, the Balayada in Maranhao, the Cabanagem in the Amazon, the Playera revolt in Pernambuco, and the Farroupilha in the South.

The Revolution of the 30, with its nationalist tendencies, moved, if only partially, the country’s axis from foreign markets towards the domestic; from a model of agrarian exports towards one of substitution of imports; from the dominance of the coffee exporting elites of the Minas/Sao Paulo pact towards new leaders in the zones of production for the domestic market, such as those of rice and jerky of Rio Grande del Sur; from the restricted vote to the “universal” vote (except for the illiterate, still the great majority of adults at that time), from the exclusively male vote to women’s suffrage; from labor relations dictated only by the power of the masters towards regulation, at least in the industrial sphere, with the creation of the Secretary of Labor and of labor laws focused on the working class.The unavoidable dominance of the landowners within their properties could not be touched by labor regulations, which only occurred after 1964 with the Rural Labor Statute.

Getulio established a policy of appeasement between the classes, and of “cooperation” between capital and labor, the workers and the captains of industry, aimed at industrialization and the defense of national interests.

In the current electoral campaign, certain media have created the slogan: “Out PT”. They seek to end the dictatorship of the PT and to restore the “dictatorship of the financial market”. What really bothers them? Corruption and the “mensalon”?

As I see it, what bothers them are the democratizing measures, notwithstanding all their limitations, such as the Pro-Uni, the quotas in the universities for students coming from public schools rather than from particular colleges; the quotas for those whose grandparents came from the warehouses of slavery; agrarian reform, still inadequate to the task; the demarcation and official sanctioning of continuous areas of Yanomami land, opposed by a half dozen rice producers, backed by agro-business and a unanimous chorus of landowners, and all the social programs such as Bolsa Familiar, Light for all, My House, my Life, More Doctors, and more.

These critics never were annoyed when the State paid the tuition of young students from rich families whose children received a good education in private schools, making it easier for them to access free education in the public universities, which deepened the inequality of opportunity. For courses of medicine, those studies cost the state from six to seven thousand reales a month. Those families never protested the “handouts” given the rich, which they considered to be their “right” based on their merit, rather than a pure, and scandalous, privilege. They are the same doctors who refuse to practice in the interior of the country, or the favelas that lack even a single physician.

Those who raise their voices, saying that everything is going bad in the country, in spite of improvements in the minimum wage, the creation of millions of jobs, the widening of social policies geared to the poorest, the creation of More Physicians, oppose the policies of the PT that seek to assure citizens’ rights, to widen the democratization of society, to struggle against privilege and above all, to put some limits (insufficient in my point of view) on profits and the dictatorship of financial capital and of the “market”.

This is the reason for my vote for another project of country, that attends to the demands always denied to the great majorities. For that reason, I voted for Dilma in the first round and will do so again in the second, with respect for the other options».

I join in this interpretation, and in the vote for Dilma Rousseff.

A sickness called fundamentalism

Everything healthy may become ill. Religion, contrary to what critics such as Freud, Marx, Dawkins and others contend, is part of a healthy reality: the search by the human being for the Ultimate Reality, that gives final meaning to history and the universe. That search is legitimate and is found in the oldest expressions of the homo sapiens/demens, but it also has unhealthy expressions. One of them, the most frequent now, is religious fundamentalism, that is also found where a unique form of thinking reigns in politics.

Fundamentalism is not a doctrine in itself, but an attitude and a form of living a doctrine. The fundamentalist attitude appears when the truths of its church or its group are understood as the only legitimate ones, to the exclusion of all others, which are deemed erroneous and therefore to have no right to exist. Those who imagine that their point of view is the only valid one are condemned to be intolerant. This closed attitude leads to contempt, discrimination, and to religious or political violence.

The niche of fundamentalism is historically found in the Northamerican Protestantism of the late XIX century, when modernity emerged not only in technology, but also in democratic forms of political coexistence and the liberalization of customs. In this context a strong reaction arose within the Protestant tradition, loyal to the ideals of the «founding fathers», all derived from the rigors of the Protestant ethic. The term fundamentalism is linked to a collection of books published by Princeton University for Presbyterians under the title, Fundamentals: A Testimony of Truth, 1909-1915.

This collection proposes an antidote to modernization: a rigorous, dogmatic Christianity founded on a literal reading of the Bible, considered infallible and unequivocal in each and every word, because it was considered to be the Word of God. They opposed all exegetic-critical interpretation of the Bible and the application of its message to the present context.

Since then, this fundamentalist tendency has been present in Northamerican society and politics. It gained religious expression in the so-called «electronic Churches», that use modern means of tele-communication, covering the country from coast to coast, and that have similar churches in Brazil and elsewhere in Latin-America. They combat liberal Christians, those who practice a scientific interpretation of the Bible, accept the contemporary feminist and gay movements, and defend the decriminalization of abortion. All that is interpreted by fundamentalists as the work of Satan.

The political side assimilated the religious, marrying it to the political ideology of «manifest destiny», created after the United States confiscated territory from Mexico. According to that ideology, it is the divine destiny of Northamericans to bring to all peoples, clarity, the values of private property, the free market, democracy and rights, as John Adams, the second President of the United States, asserted. According to the popular and political version, Northamericans are «the new chosen people» that will bring everyone to the «Land of Emmanuel, seat of that new and singular Kingdom that will be given to the Saints of the Highest». K. Amstrong, In the Name of God, (En nombre de Dios, Companhia das Letras, São Paulo 2001).

That political-religious amalgam has led to the arrogance and one sided vision of international relations found in Northamerican foreign policy, that is still prevalent under Barack Obama.

We find a similar type of fundamentalism in extremely conservative Catholic groups, that still claim that «there is no salvation outside of the Church». They are eager to convert the greatest number of people possible, to save them from hell. Some evangelical groups, especially in sectors of the charismatic churches with their TV programs, engage in fundamentalist disparagement, particularly with regard to the Afro-Brazilian religions, because they consider their celebrations to be the work of Satan. This results in frequent exorcisms and even invasions of terreiros to «purify them» from the Exu.

Fundamentalism in both Catholic and some evangelical groups is most visible in the moral questions: they are inflexible on the issues of abortion, same sex unions, and women’s struggles for freedom in decision making. They foster true ideological wars in the social networks and the means of mass communication against all who discuss such questions, even though they are part of the agenda of all open societies.

Sadly, we have a candidate to the presidency of Brazil, Marina Silva, who adheres to a type of fundamentalism, namely, Biblicism. She maintains a literal reading of the Bible, as if the solution to all problems could be found there. As Pope Francis put it so well, rather than a warehouse of truths, the Bible is an inspiring source for beneficial human initiatives. The Bible must be held in our brains to illuminate reality, not in front of the eyes, to obscure it.

The Brazilian State is lay and pluralist. It welcomes all religions without adhering to any. According to the Brazilian Constitution, no given religion may impose its points of view on the whole nation. An authority can have religious convictions, but must govern through the laws, not through these convictions. There are four Gospels, not just one. They coexist through the diversity of interpretations they give to the message of Jesus of Nazareth. It is an example of the richness of diversity. God is the eternal coexistence of Three Divine Beings, that through love form one single God. Diversity is fecund.

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.