Por favor,não fumem mais,não comam carne nem usem açucar: J.Attali

Jaques Attali é um conhecido professor de economia, escritor de uns 50 livros, ecologista e  conselheiro de Estado de presidentes da França. Criou muitas iniciativas na área econômica da Comunidade Européia. Citamos a mais recente que é Planeta Positivo (Positive Planet), uma organização internacional que reúne várias instituições de micro-finanças do mundo. Vale ler o seu livro “Uma breve história do futuro”(Novo Mundo, SP 2008) onde se desenham prováveis cenários do futuro próximo. Publicamos este texto em francês, tirado de seu blog, pois muitos leem francês e trata de temas polêmicos mas  relavantes em termos de saúde humana e ecológica. LBoff

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S’il vous plaît, ne fumez plus; et ne mangez plus de viande, ni de sucre.

Bien des choses menacent le monde, d’une façon terrible, sans qu’on dispose de réponses crédibles : certaines maladies sont encore sans remède ; certaines souffrances morales sont hors de portée. Et personne ne sait vraiment comment donner du sens au chagrin et à la mort.

Il existe pourtant, pour certains des terribles dangers qui menacent l’humanité comme chacun de nous, des réponses, qu’il ne dépend que de nous de mettre en œuvre. Et pourtant, on ne le fait pas. On se vante même de ne pas le faire.

On sait, par exemple, que de très nombreux cancers sont provoqués et aggravés par la consommation de cigarettes. Pourtant, chacun de nous continue soit à en consommer soit à défendre le droit des autres d’en consommer, en oubliant qu’on peut mourir du tabac fumé par d’autres. Les gouvernements continuent d’autoriser la commercialisation de ce poison, tout heureux des recettes fiscales qu’il leur rapporte, et pour ne pas fâcher ceux qui en tire des profits ou des salaires. Il n’est pas simple de décider, pour soi-même, de cesser de fumer et, par cohérence, d’interdire collectivement qu’on en fasse le commerce. Il serait donc urgent d’aider ceux qui ne peuvent le faire seuls à y parvenir.

On sait aussi que le sucre artificiel est un poison, mortel à tous les âges. On sait qu’il est une drogue, aussi addictive que la cocaïne. On sait que le diabète tue de plus en plus ceux, de plus en plus nombreux, qui en consomment trop, ; on sait qu’on a assez de sucre pour vivre dans les fruits et les légumes. Et pourtant, on consomme de plus en plus de ces sucres artificiels dans des sodas, des bonbons, des gâteaux, de mauvais chocolats, et toutes sortes de plats tout préparés dans lesquels ce faux sucre aide à masquer l’horrible goût d’horribles ingrédients.

On sait aussi que la consommation de viande est un poison, pour soi et pour les autres. On sait en particulier que la viande rouge est un facteur de cancer, qu’elle ne contient rien d’irremplaçable. On sait que, pour la produire il faut dix fois, cent fois, plus d’eau que pour produire la même quantité de calories fournies par des végétaux. On sait que l’eau est la source rare et précieuse de la vie, et que si tout le monde consommait autant d’animaux que les Américains ou les Européens, l’humanité manquerait d’eau douce avant trente ans. On sait encore que les animaux d’élevage représentent plus du cinquième des émissions de gaz à effet de serre. On sait aussi que rien n’est un poison plus mortel que les produits transformés qui n’ont de viande que le nom. On sait enfin que rien n’est plus indigne que la souffrance animale imposée dans ces usines de mort, qui ne pourraient que se multiplier si l’humanité toute entière rejoint le mode de vie occidental.

Et que, au total, si l’humanité était entièrement végétarienne une grande partie des enjeux du climat et de l’obésité seraient réglés.

On sait tout cela, et pourtant, on ne fait rien. Ou presque. On n’interdit aucun de ces trois produits, qu’on sait mortel. On n’encourage personne à ne plus les consommer. On n’aide personne à échapper à ces mortelles addictions. On ne fait rien non plus pour préparer ceux qui vivent de ces productions à se préparer à l’inévitable mutation de leurs activités. On continue à subir la dictature des firmes qui les produisent, des lobbys qui aveuglent ceux qui en vivent, et des propagandes qui poussent les consommateurs à ne pas tenir compte des avertissements qu’on leur adresse. On ne crée pas les conditions pour qu’une nourriture saine soit accessible à tous, dans les cantines, les restaurants d’entreprise et les réseaux de distribution.

On prépare ainsi de multiples catastrophes : des maladies ; des pollutions, des manques, des secousses politiques.

Et pourtant, il serait possible de tirer profit de ces dangers pour aller vers un monde magnifique Il faudra pour y parvenir que chacun accepte de consacrer plus de ressources à ce qui donne la vie qu’à ce qui tue.

Se priver progressivement de tabac, de sucre artificiel et de viande, au moins bovine et porcine, n’est pas seulement un impératif de santé publique. C’est la condition d’une vie plus heureuse et libre pour tous. Même, et surtout, ceux qui en vivent aujourd’hui y trouveront des compensations exceptionnelles.

Par exemple, les paysans auront un rôle infiniment plus important et valorisant quand il leur faudra nourrir sans polluer les dix milliards d’habitants de la planète. Même les éleveurs pourront utiliser autrement leurs immenses savoir-faire, pour bâtir les forets qui nous manquent et produire les fruits et les légumes permettant de remplacer ces trois poisons et de redonner vie à des territoires abandonnés.

Il ne s’agit là rien moins que d’un changement de civilisation, aux infinies conséquences, philosophiques, politiques et culturelles. Enthousiasmant.

 

La actual crisis político-social reclama profetas

El profetismo es un fenómeno no solo bíblico. Consta en otras religiones como en Egipto, en Mesopotamia, en Mari y en Caná, en todos los tiempos, también en los nuestros. Hay varios tipos de profetas (comunidades proféticas, visionarios, profetas del culto, de la corte etc) que no cabe analizar aquí. Son clásicos los profetas del Primer Testamento (antes se decía Antiguo Testamento) que se mostraban sensibles a las cuestiones sociales, como Oseas, Amós, Miqueas, Jeremías e Isaías.

A decir verdad, en todas las fases del cristianismo siempre ha estado presente el espíritu profético, como entre nosotros innegablemente con Dom Helder Câmara, con el Cardenal Don Paulo Evaristo Arns, con Don Pedro Casaldáliga y otros, para hablar solo de Brasil.

El profeta es un indignado. Su lucha es por el derecho y por la justicia, especialmente en favor de los pobres, los débiles y las viudas, contra los explotadores de los campesinos, contra los que falsifican pesos y medidas y contra el lujo de los palacios reales. Sienten una llamada dentro de sí, interpretada en el código bíblico como una misión divina. Amós, que era un simple vaquero, Miqueas, un pequeño colono, y Oseas, casado con una prostituta, dejan sus quehaceres y van al patio del templo o delante del palacio real para hacer sus denuncias. Pero no solo denuncian. Anuncian catástrofes y después anuncian una nueva esperanza, un comienzo nuevo y mejor.

Están atentos a los acontecimientos históricos también a nivel internacional. Por ejemplo, Miqueas increpa a Nínive, capital del imperio asirio: “Ay de la ciudad sanguinaria, en ella todo es mentira. Está llena de robo y no para de saquear. Lanzaré sobre ti inmundicias” (3,1.6). Jeremías llama a Babilonia “la metrópolis del terror”.

Debemos entender correctamente las previsiones de los profetas. No es que predigan las catástrofes, como si tuviesen acceso a un saber especial. El sentido es este: si la situación actual persiste y no se cambia la explotación, las prácticas contra los indefensos y el abandono de la relación reverente con Javé, entonces va a suceder una desgracia.

Lógicamente desagradan a los poderosos, a los reyes e incluso al pueblo. Les llaman “perturbadores del orden”, “conspiradores contra la corte o el rey”. Por eso los profetas son perseguidos, como Jeremías que fue torturado y encarcelado; otros fueron asesinados. Pocos profetas murieron de viejos, pero nadie les hizo callar.

Evidentemente hay falsos profetas, aquellos que viven en las cortes y son amigos de los ricos. Anuncian sólo cosas agradables y hasta les pagan para eso. Hay un verdadero conflicto entre los falsos y los verdaderos profetas. La señal de que un profeta es verdadero es el valor de arriesgar su vida por la causa de los humildes de la tierra, que siempre grita por la justicia y por el derecho y que, incansablemente, defiende lo correcto y lo justo.

Los profetas irrumpen en tiempos de crisis para denunciar proyectos ilusorios y anunciar un camino que haga justicia al humillado y que genere una sociedad agradable a Dios porque atiende a los ofendidos y a los que han sido invisibilizados. La justicia y el derecho son las bases de la paz duradera: ese es el mensaje central de los profetas.

En nuestra realidad nacional y mundial vivimos hoy una grave crisis. Agrupaciones de científicos y analistas del estado de la Tierra nos advierten que si sigue la lógica de la acumulación ilimitada estamos preparando una grave catástrofe ecológico-social. No vamos hacia el calentamiento global. Estamos ya dentro de él y las señales son innegables.

Estas voces, de las más autorizadas, no son oídas por los “decision makers” ni por los hombres de dinero. En nuestro país, sumergido en una crisis sin precedentes, gobernado caóticamente por personas incompetentes y hasta ridículas, nos faltan profetas que denuncien y apunten caminos viables para salir de este atolladero.

En línea profética están las palabras de Márcio Pochmann: “Si se mantiene el camino abierto por el neoliberalismo de Temer y ahora profundizado por el ultraliberalismo que domina el confuso gobierno Bolsonaro, la evolución de Brasil tenderá a ser la de Grecia, con cierre de empresas y quiebra de la administración pública. Lo peor se aproxima rápidamente”.

Otros van más allá: “si se imponen las reformas político-sociales, conformes a la lógica del mercado, meramente competitivo y nada cooperativo, Brasil podrá transformarse en una nación de parias”.

Necesitamos profetas, religiosos, civiles, hombres y mujeres, o por lo menos que tengan actitudes proféticas, para denunciar que el camino ya decidido será catastrófico.

No dan esperanza las palabras de Isaías: “El pueblo que vive en la oscuridad verá una gran luz. A los que habitan en regiones áridas, una luz resplandecerá sobre ellos” (9,1-2).

Leonardo Boff es teólogo, filósofo y escritor. Ha escrito Ecología: grito de la Tierra, grito de los pobres,Trotta, Madrid 2005.

Traducción de Mª José Gavito Milano

The gates of hell have been opened

Brazil is experiencing something that is undeniable: the rise of hatred, offenses, gross words of every type, distortions, prejudices and thousands and thousands of instances of fake news is evident in many sectors. In large part, this was responsible for the victory of the current President. There are also youtubers who falsify reality, mixing harsh words with cruel jokes and coarse morals, susceptible to judicial processes.

The words “Communist” and “Socialist” have been turned into accusations. Their real meaning is not even defined, as if we were still in the Cold War of thirty years ago. Many of the perpetrators, including a rather dim-witted minister, say their critics are beholding to Cuba, North Korea or Venezuela… Most have not read even one page about the Theology of Liberation, which they consider to be Marxist. They ignore its basic purpose: the option for the poor and for their liberation, that is, in favor of the great majorities of humanity, who are poor. In fact, the air we breathe is now toxic.

Many of them are mentally degraded and display a complete lack of education. In the electoral campaign their latent rage remained hidden. The preexisting violence was reinforced, giving legitimacy to a culture of violence against the indigenous people, the quilombolas, the Blacks, and especially against the LGBTQ community… and the opposition.

We need to understand the reason for this demented absurdity. We are illuminated by two interpreters of Brazil: Paulo Prado, Portrait of Brazil: essay on the Brazilian sadness, (Retrato de Brasil; ensayo sobre la tristeza brasilera, 1928) and Sérgio Buarque de Holanda, Roots of Brazil, (Raíces de Brasil, 1936) in his V chapter: “The cordial man”.

Both writers have something in common, as Ronaldo Vainfas says, because they both «attempt to decipher the Brazilian character starting from their emotions» Interpreters of Brazil, Vol. II, 2002, Page 16 (Intérpretes de Brasil, vol. II, 2002 p.16). But they do so in different forms. Paulo Prado is profoundly pessimistic, characterizing the Brazilian as driven by lust, greed and sadness. Buarque de Holanda, on the other hand, differs, with respect to cordiality.

«The Brazilian contribution to civilization will be cordiality, we will give to the world the “cordial man”. Openness in the treatment, hospitality, generosity, virtues so praised by foreigners who visit us, represent, in fact, a defining trait of the Brazilian character» (p. 106). But then he observes: «It would be a lie to suppose that these virtues mean “good manners, civility” (107). As he continues: «Enmity can be as cordial as friendship, because both are born in the heart» (107, note 157). We know that from the heart emerge both love and hatred. The psychoanalytic tradition confirms that the heart is the kingdom of feelings. I think that we would better define the character of the Brazilian if we said that his basic design is not one of reason, but feelings . And feeling are contradictory: they can express themselves as love and also as virulent hatred.

But this ambiguous dual facet of the Brazilian, of “cordiality”, or, better said, “of feelings,” has now acquired wings and occupied minds and hearts: The”lack of good manners and civility”. One need only check the web sites, the tweets, facebooks and youtubes to see that the gates of hell are wide open. From there emerged the demons dividing people, insulting such distinguished figures as Dráuzio Varela and the world renowned and appreciated Paulo Freire. The word of the uncivilized occupies the same space as the word of Pope Francis or of the Dalai Lama. But this is only the dark side of the of the Brazilian feeling. There is also the side of light, previously expressed by Buarque de Holanda and by Cassiano Ricardo. We must rescue it, so that we need not live in a barbarian society where no one can enjoy a civilized and humane life.

There is no need to despair. The very condition of the universe consists of order and disorder (cosmos and chaos). Cultures possess their sim-bolic and dia-bolic side, and each human being is inhabited by the great pulse of life (eros) and that of death (thanatos). That is not a defect of creation: it is the natural order of things. Religions, ethics and civilizations were born to give hegemony to light over darkness, so that we do not devour one another. The pessimist Pablo Prado ends with: «the trust in the future cannot be worse than in the past» (p. 98). We agree.

We are inspired by this verse of Agustin Neto, leader of the liberation of Angola: «Is not enough that our Cause is Pure and Just. Purity and Justice must exist within ourselves» (The Angola Poems, 1976, 50).

Leonardo Boff Eco-Theologian-Philosopher Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Brazil,Bolsonaro,Theology of Liberation and the Attacks on the Church:Nathalia Toledo Urban

Brazil Fascism Human Rights International Left Politics Liberation Theology

Brazil, Bolsonaro, Liberation Theology and the new attacks on the Church

Bolsonaro’s government is becoming well known for their paranoia against “invisible enemies,” one of their traits is to accuse the most unthinkable people/institutions to be leftists. After accusing BBC, The EU and The economist of being communists, Bolsonaro’s government has a new target: The Catholic Church! It might sound surprising and even random to many specially for non-Brazilians to hear that, but the truth is, The Catholic Church had and still has an important impact among social programs in Latin America, mostly thanks to the Theology of Liberation.

The Theology of Liberation is a non-partisan movement that started during the 70’s, their philosophy encompasses several streams of thought interpreting the teachings of Jesus Christ as liberator of unjust social, political, and economic conditions. The movement is not based on the ecclesiastical interpretation of reality, but on the reality of poverty and exclusion. Its proponents have described it as an analytical and anthropological interpretation of the Christian faith.

But, by adding several currents of thought, the movement absorbed beliefs of Umbanda (an Afro-brazilian religion), Spiritism, Islam and even Shamanism.

Leonardo Boff Copyright:© Rafael Stedile

In spite of the internationalization of Liberation Theology, Latin America gathers its greatest representatives, such as the Peruvian priest Gustavo Gutiérrez, the Brazilian Leonardo Boff and the Uruguayan Juan Luis Segundo. According Leonardo Boff, the central point of Theology of Liberation is the concrete of the poor, its oppressions, the degradation of its lives and the sufferings without account that suffers. Without the poor and the oppressed there is no Liberation Theology, “Every oppression calls for a liberation.”

The Catholic Church dedicated two documents to Liberation Theology in the 1980s, considering it heretical and incompatible with Catholic doctrine. Just to give an historical political context the 3 countries were under military dictatorship during the “birth” of those ideas. Even though in Brazil, the majority of Catholics supported the dictatorship, many rebellious priests were very hands on fighting against the military’s authoritarian views and specially interested in protecting the poor workers and peasants that were being massacred by the government.

The oppressive police even monitored churches and masses, especially the ones happening in the biggest cities.  According to the Brazilian government at the time some priests were contaminated by the Marxism ideology and were using their power to spread subversive propaganda. The Ecumenical Documentation and Information Centre produced in 1988 a list of 12 forms of attack suffered by the Church: defamation, invasion, imprisonment, torture, murder, kidnapping, prosecution, subpoena, expulsion, censorship, prohibition and counterfeiting.

Between 1969 and 1981, there were 15 deaths or disappearances of clerics or lay people that were involved in the church’s social movements. People like, Father Antônio Henrique Pereira da Silva Neto, direct auxiliary of Archbishop Dom Hélder Câmara. He was kidnapped, tortured and killed in Recife in May 1969, Santo Dias, leader of the Worker’s Pastoral , killed by a back shot fired by a military police officer during a strike in São Paulo, Alexandre Vanucchi Leme, a student at the University of São Paulo, who died of injuries caused by torture in the premises of the Second Army, in the capital of São Paulo.

And student leader Honestino Guimarães da Silva, a member of The Catholic Student Youth, arrested and tortured in, Rio, his body is still missing. Father João Bosco Burnier, murdered on 1976 the forces of repression in Conceição do Araguaia, he and the bishop D. Pedro Casaldaliga, defended women who were being tortured by militaries.

There were 18 cases of banishment or expulsion. Father James Murray was expelled, for celebrating Mass in black and for reading the Declaration of Human Rights during his homily. And the most famous case Frier Betto, arrested twice, he wrote his experiences during that dark period of the Dictatorship in books, the most famous Baptism of Blood, which tells about the involvement of Dominican Friers at the Ação Libertadora Nacional, a communist guerrilla group, the book was adapted and became a movie in 2006.

Santo Dias: Shot in the back by a soldier.

So, lets talk about present days: Bolsonaro’s government is trying to bring back that whole McCarthyist “communist threat” in 2019. In their vision, the Church is a traditional ally of the Worker’s Party (PT) and is organizing itself to lead debates with the left; the alert to the government came from reports from the Brazilian Intelligence Agency (Abin), headed by General Heleno, and military commandos; the reports are from recent meetings of Brazilian cardinals with Pope Francisco to discuss the Pan Amazonian Synod, which will gather in October in Rome, bishops from all continents.

The debate will address the situation of indigenous peoples, climate change caused by deforestation and quilombo and according to the article in the Estado de São Paulo, based on documents circulating in the Planalto, the Internal security military judged that sectors of the Church allied with social movements and leftist parties, members of the so-called ‘progressive clergy’, wanted to use the Synod to criticize the Bolsonaro’s government and gain international impact.

And of course their fears are being fed by all neopentecostal population that since day one were lining themselves with Bolsonaro.

Many theologists believe that the Theology of Liberation died, because many of their biggest supporters are dead or old, but their legacy is still very much alive.

In 1991, after almost a decade fighting with cardinals from Rome (in special Cardinal Ratzinger, latter the Pope Benedict XVI) Boff, wrote to the Vatican asking for a dispensation of his vows, and nowadays he’s a philosopher and social political activist.

Sources: Leonardo Boff’s blog: https://leonardoboff.wordpress.com
Estado de São Paulo: https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/agencia-estado/2019/02/10/planalto-ve-igreja-catolica-como-potencial-opositora.htm
Baptism of Blood (movie trailer): https://youtu.be/uhBemy_vXCk

By Nathália Toledo Urban