The crises of life and of self realization

23/08/2015 Leonardo Boff7 Comentários

Crisis is usually spoken of in terms of the crisis of the crises; the crisis of the Earth and the crisis of life, which is threatened with disappearance, as Pope Francis pointed out in his encyclical letter about “caring for the Common Home”. But everything in life is marked by crisis: the crisis of birth, of youth, the crisis of chosing one’s life companion, of selecting a profession, the crisis of the “demon of midday”, as Freud called it, that is the midlife crisis of the forties, when we realize that we are already reaching the top of the mountain and starting the descent. And finally, the great crisis of death, when we pass from time to eternity.

The challenge before us is not how to avoid these crises. They are inherent in our human condition. The question is how to face them: what lessons do we draw from them and how can we grow from them. The path of our self realization and of our maturity as human beings passes through them.

Every situation is good, every place is excellent for measuring us against our own selves, and diving into our deep dimension and bringing out the fundamental archetype that we carry within (the basic tendency that always worries us) and that through us seeks to reveal itself and to make its history, that is also our true history. Here no one can be substituted for another. Each of us is alone. It is the fundamental task of existence. But if one is faithful in this journey, that person is no longer alone. S/he has built a personal Center from where to find all the other journeyers. Solitary then turns into solidarity.

The geography of the spiritual world is different from that of the physical world. In the geography of the physical world, countries touch each other at their borders. In the other geography, people touch each other through their personal Centers. Indifference, mediocrity, the lack of passion in the search for our profound I, is what distances us from our Center and that of others, and therefore we lose affinities, even when we are close to them, amongst them, and are trying to be at their service.

What is the best service I could offer other people? To be myself, as a being-of-relationships, and therefore always linked to the others, a being who opts for the good for himself and for others, who is guided by truth, who loves and has compassion and mercy.

Personal realization is not found in the quantity of personal abilities we can realize, but in their quality, in the way we do well that which our station of life demands of us. The quantification, the search for titles, of endless degrees, could in many personal cases mean flight from an encounter with the task of life: to measure ourselves against ourselves, with our desires, our limitations, our problems, with our positive and negative, and to creatively integrate them. Avoiding the accumulation of meaningless knowledge, that only makes us more arrogant and distant from others, is what matures us, and enables us to better understand ourselves and the world. Their own words betray the people who say: It is I who knows, I who does it, I who decides. It is always the I and never the us or the cause, agreed upon with others.

Personal realization is not so much the work of reason, that deals with all things, but of the spirit, that is, our capacity to create visions of togetherness and of putting things in their proper place and valuation. The spirit is for discovering the meaning of each situation. Therefore, the wisdom of life, the experience of the mystery of God, deciphered in each moment, belong to the spirit. It is the capacity to put one’s self completely in everything that one does. Spirituality is neither a science, nor a technique, but the mode of being complete in every situation.

The first task of personal realization is to accept our situation, with its limits and possibilities. Each situation is complete, not quantitatively scattered, but qualitatively gathered, as in a Center. To enter into that Center of ourselves is to find the others, all things, and to find God. This is why the ancient wisdom of India held that: «If someone thinks correctly, secluded in his room, that thought is heard thousands of kilometers away». If you want to change others, start by changing yourself.

Another indispensable task for personal realization is to know how to coexist with the final end, namely, death. Whoever gives meaning to death, also gives meaning to life. Whoever does not see the meaning of death also fails to discover the meaning to life. However, death is more than the last moment, or the end of life. Life itself is mortal. In other words, we slowly are dying, bit by bit, because as soon as we are born, we start to die, to wear away and to bid farewell to life. We first bid farewell to the maternal womb and emerge from it. Then we say farewell to infancy, to childhood, to youth, to grade school, the paternal home, to the adult age, to some of our tasks, to each moment that passes and finally, we bid farewell to life itself.

This farewell leaves behind not only things and situations, but always something of ourselves. We have to detach ourselves, to become impoverished and to empty ourselves. What is the meaning of all this? Pure incorrigible fatalism? Or does it not have a secret meaning? We divest ourselves of everything, even of ourselves in the last moment of life (death), because we have been made neither for this world nor for ourselves, but for the Great Other who must fill our life: God. God takes everything from us in life, in order to reserve us ever more intensely for Himself; He can even take away the certainty that it was all worth the pain. Even so, we persist, believing in the sacred words: “For if our heart condemns us, God is greater than our heart” (cf. 1 Jn 3,20). Whoever can accept the integration of the negative, including the unjust, into his own Center, would have reached the highest degree of humanization, and of inner liberty.

The negative and the crises we are going through offer us a lesson: the lesson of divesting and of preparing for the total plenitude in God. Then, we will be God, through participation, as the mystic Saint John of the Cross, says.
Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Como cuidar de nossa Casa Comum

22/08/2015 Leonardo Boff42 Comentários

Hoje para cuidar da Terra como nos sugeriu detalhamete o Papa Francisco em sua encíclica “Cuidado da Casa Comum” exige-se “uma conversão ecológica global”, “mudanças profundas nos estilos de vida, nos modelos de produção e de consumo, nas estruturas consolidadas de poder”(n.5). Esse propósito jamais será alcançado senão amarmos efetivamente a Terra como nossa Mãe e soubermos renunciar e até sofrer para garantir sua vitalidade para nós e para toda a comunidade de vida (n.223). A Mãe Terra é a base que tudo sustenta e alimenta. Nós não podemos viver sem ela. A sistemática agressão que sofreu nos últimos séculos tiraram-lhe o equilíbrio necessário. Eventualmente, poderá continuar pelos séculos afora, mas sem nós.

No dia 13 de agosto deste ano de 2015 ocorreu o Dia da Sobrecarga da Terra (The Earth Overshoot Day), dia em que se constatou a ultrapassagem da biocapacidade da Terra em atender as demandas humanas. Precisa-se de 1,6 planeta para atendê-las. Em outras palavras. Isso demonstra que o nosso estilo de vida é insustentável. Nesse cálculo não estão incluidas as demandas da inteira comunidade de vida. Isso torna mais urgente a nossa responsabilidade pelo futuro da Terra, de nossos companheiros de caminhada terrenal e de nosso projeto planetário.

Como cuidar da Terra? Em primeiro lugar há que considerar a Terra como um Todo vivo, sistêmico no qual todas as partes se encontram interdependentes e interrelacionadas. A Terra-Gaia fundamentalmente é constituída pelo conjunto de seus ecossistemas e com a imensa biosdiversdade que neles existe e com todos os seres animados e inertes que coexistem e sempre se interrelacionam como não se cansa de afirmar o texto papal, bem na linha do novo paradigma ecológico.

Cuidar da Terra como um todo orgânico é manter as condições pré-existentes há milhões e milhões de anos que propiciam a continuidade da Terra, um super Ente vivo, Gaia. Cuidar de cada ecosistema é compreender as singularidades de cada um, sua resiliência, sua capacidade de reprodução e de manter as relações de colaboração e mutualidade com todos os demais já que tudo é relacionado e includente. Compreender o ecosistema é dar-se conta dos desequilíbrios que podem ocorrer por interferências irresponsáveis de nossa cultura, voraz de bens e serviços.

Cuidar da Terra é principalmente cuidar de sua integridade e vitalidade. É não permitir que biomas inteiros ou toda uma vasta região seja desmatada e assim se degrade, alterando o regime das chuvas. Importante é assegurar a integridade de toda a sua biocapacidade. Isso vale não apenas para os seres orgânicos vivos e visíveis, mas principalmente para os microorganismos. Na verdade, são eles os ignotos trabalhadores que sustentam a vida do Planeta. Diz-nos o eminente biólogo Edward Wilson que “num só grama de terra, ou seja, menos de um punhado de chão, vivem cerca de 10 bilhões de bactérias, pertencentes a até 6 mil espécies diferentes”(A criação, 2008,p.26). Por aí se demonstra, empiricamente, que a Terra está viva e é realmente Gaia, superorganismo vivente e nós, a porção consciente e inteligente dela.

Cuidar da Terra é cuidar dos “commons”, quer dizer, dos bens e serviços comuns que ela gratuitamente oferece a todos os seres vivos como água, nutrientes, ar, sementes, fibras, climas etc. Estes bens comuns, exatamente por serem comuns, não podem ser privatizados e entrar como mercadorias no sistema de negócios como está ocorrendo velozmente em todas as partes. A Avaliação Ecosistêmica do Milênio, inventário pedido pela ONU de uns anos atrás, no qual participaram 1.360 especialistas de 95 países e revisados por outros 800 cientistas trouxeram resultados amedrontadores. Entre os 24 serviços ambientais, essenciais para a vida, como água, ar limpo, climas regulados, sementes, alimentos, energia, solos, nutrientes e outros, 15 estavam altamente degradados. Isto sinaliza claramente que as bases que sustentama vida estão ameaçadas.

De ano para ano, todos os indices estão piorando. Não sabemos quando esse processo destrutivo vai parar ou se transformar numa catástrofe. Havendo uma inflexão decisiva como o temido “aquecimento abrupto”, que faria o clima subir entre 4-6 graus Celsius, como advertiu a comunidade científica norte-americana, conheceríamos dizimações apocalípticas afetando milhões de pessoas. Temos confiança de que iremos ainda despertar. Mais que tudo cremos que “Deus é o Senhor soberano amante da vida”(Sb 11,26) e não deixará acontecer semelhante Armagedom.

Cuidar da Terra é cuidar de sua beleza, de suas paisagens, do esplendor de suas florestas, do encanto de suas flores, da diversidade exuberante de seres vivos da fauna e flora.

Cuidar da Terra é cuidar de sua melhor produção que somos nós seres humanos, homens e mulheres especialmente os mais vulneráveis. Cuidar da Terra é cuidar daquilo que ela através de nosso gênio produziu em culturas tão diversas, em línguas tão numerosas, em arte, em ciência, em religião, em bens culturais especialmente em espiritualidade e religiosiadade pelas quais nos damos conta da presença da Suprema Realidade que subjaz a todos os seres e nos carrega na palma de sua mão.

Cuidar da Terra é cuidar dos sonhos que ela suscita em nós, de cujo material nascem os santos, os sábios, os artistas, as pessoas que se orientam pela luz e tudo o que de sagrado e amoroso emegiu na história.

Cuidar da Terra é, finalmente, cuidar do Sagrado que arde em nós e que nos convence de que é melhor abraçar o outro do que rejeitá-lo e que a vida vale mais que todas as riquezas deste mundo. Então ela será de fato a Casa Comum do Ser.

Similarities between the encyclical “Caring for the Common Home” and “the Earthcharter, on our Home”

02/08/2015 Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

The encyclical, Laudato sí’, Caring for the Common Home, and The Earthcharter, are perhaps the only two documents of worldwide relevance that have so much in common. They deal with the degraded situation of the Earth and of life in its many dimensions, departing from the conventional vision that is limited to environmentalism. They subscribe to the new relational and holistic paradigm, the only one, it seems to us, that is still capable of giving us hope.

The encyclical echoes The Earthcharter, that in one of its most fundamental passages proclaims: «I dare to propose again this precious challenge: as never before in history, the common destiny calls on us to seek a new beginning» (nº 207). That new beginning is undertaken by Pope Francis.

Let us enumerate, among others, some of those similarities.

In the first place, one sees the same spirit running through the two texts: in its analytical form, gathering the best scientific data; in its critical form, denouncing the present system that puts the Earth out of balance, and in its hopeful form, offering solutions. They do not surrender to resignation. But trust in the human capacity to create a new lifestyle and in the renewing actions of the Creator, “the sovereign lover of life” (Sab 11,26).

They have the same starting point. The Earthcharter says: «The dominant masters of production and consumption are causing environmental devastation, exhaustion of resources and a massive extinction of species» (Preamble, 2). The encyclical repeats: «it is enough to see reality with sincerity to see that there is a great deterioration of our Common Home… the present world system is unsustainable from many points of view» (n. 61).

They make the same proposals. The Earthcharter affirms: «Fundamental changes in our values, institutions and life styles are needed» (Preamble, 3). The encyclical emphasizes: «All pretension of caring for and improving the world presupposes profound changes in the lifestyles, means of production and consumption, and the consolidated power structures that now rule society» (n. 5).

A great novelty, central to the new cosmologic and ecological paradigm, is this affirmation of the Earthcharter: «Our environmental, economic, political, social and spiritual challenges are interrelated, and together we can forge solutions that are inclusive» (Preamble, 3). The encyclical echoes this assertion: there are some threads that run all through that document: «the intimate relationship between the poor and the frailty of the planet, the conviction that everything in the world is connected, the invitation to seek other ways of understanding economics and progress, the intrinsic value of each creature, the human meaning of ecology and the suggestion of a new lifestyle» (n. 16). Here solidarity among all, shared sobriety and «moving from greed to generosity and knowing how to share» is valued, (n. 9).

The Earthcharter says that «there is a spirit of kinship with all life» (Preamble 4). Similarly, the encyclical affirms: «Everything is related, and all human beings are together as brothers and sisters… and we are united, with tenderness, to brother Sun, to sister Moon, to brother River and to Mother Earth» (n. 92). That is the universal Franciscan fraternity.

The Earthcharter emphasizes that it is our duty «to respect and care for the community of life… respect the Earth in all her diversity» (I,1). The entire encyclical, starting with its title, “Caring for the Common Home”, makes a sort of ritornello from this mandate. It proposes «to nourish a passion for caring of the world» (n. 216) and «a culture of caring that permeates all of society» (n.231). Here caring emerges not as mere perfunctual benevolence but as a new paradigm, a loving friend of life and of all that exists and lives.

Another important affinity is the value assigned to social justice. The Earthcharter maintains that there is a strong relationship between ecology and «social and economic justice» that «protects the vulnerable and serves those who suffer» (n.III,9 c). The encyclical reaches one of its highest points when it affirms that «a true ecological proposal must integrate justice, in order to hear both the cry of the Earth and the cry of the poor» (n.49; 53).

Both The Earthcharter and the encyclical go against current common vision in emphasizing that «each form of life has value, independent of its human use» (I, 1, a). Pope Francis reaffirms that «all creatures are connected; each one must be valued with affection and admiration, and all beings need each other» (n.42). In the name of this understanding the Pope strongly criticizes anthropocentrism (nn.115-120), because it views humanity’s relationship with nature as using and devastating her and not otherwise, forgetting that human beings are part of nature and that humanity’s mission is to be her guardian and protector.

The Earthcharter devised one of the best definitions of peace that has come from human reflection: «the plenitude that results from the correct relationships with one’s self, with other persons, other cultures, other lives, with the Earth and with the All of which we are part» (16, f). If peace, according to Pope Paul VI, is «the equilibrium of movement» then the encyclical says that the «natural ecological equilibrium has to be the one within one’s own self, the solidarian one with others, the natural one with all living beings, the spiritual one with God» (n.210). The result of that process is the perennial peace so desired by all peoples.

These two documents are beacons that guide us in these somber times, and are capable of returning to us the much needed hope that we still can save the Common Home, and ourselves.

Leonardo Boff is ecotheogian and writer,author of the book: Ecogogy:cry of Earth-cry of Poors,Orbis 2002.

Pope Francis: zealous guardian of the Common Home

26/07/2015 Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

We wrote a while ago that, given the patron saint who inspired his name –Saint Francis of Assisi–, Pope Francis would have everything in his favor to become the great promoter of a world ecological project. It has to be him, because, as we face the threats affecting the common destiny of the Earth and the human family, sadly, we lack leaders with the authority and convincing words and deeds to awaken humanity, especially the governing elites, and the sense of collective and individual responsibility to safeguard it for all.

This wish was fully realized with the publication of the encyclical, «Laudato si’: to care for the Common Home». Pope Francis offers us a wide-ranging text of rare intellectual and spiritual beauty – of holistic ecology, uniting that which was so valuable to Saint Francis of Assisi, and is to Francis of Rome: an attitude of caring for sister and Mother Earth and a preferential love for the condemned of the Earth.

This connection runs through the entire text like a conducting cable. There is no true ecology, of any kind, be it environmental, social, mental or holistic, if it does not rescue the humiliated of humanity, the impoverished millions of our times, for whom the Earth Mother is most gravely attacked and degraded. Pope Francis appears as a zealous guardian of the Common Home. He is very much in line with the Latin American liberation Church, with its theology of the preferential option for the poor, against poverty and in favor of their liberation and social justice. The opposite of poverty is not wealth, it is rectification of the structural and worldwide injustices. The best way to confront this anti-reality is a holistic ecology that reflects “both the cry of the Earth and the cry of the poor,” (n.49).

Ecology is more than mere administration of the scarce goods and services of nature. It represents a new life style, a new art of inhabiting the Common Home differently, such that all may fit in her. Not just humans, which would constitute the anthropocentrism so harshly criticized by the encyclical (nn.115-121), but all beings living and inert, especially the great community of life that is enduring a serious erosion of biodiversity, caused by the predominance of technocracy. There is another name for the principal cause of the global ecological crisis: the productive and consumerist fury. Let us speak a phrase the Pope does not use: the savage capitalism that seeks unlimited accumulation, at the price of the devastation of nature, the impoverishment of the people, and the risk of a mega socio-ecological catastrophe. This system imposes on everyone, as Pope Francis clearly says, a behavior that “appears suicidal” (n. 55).

This link between The Great Poor (the Earth) and the poor, as was seen very early by the theologians of liberation, is justified because we live in times of extreme urgency: the ecological capacity of the Earth has already been surpassed by more than the 30%. The Earth needs one and one half years to replenish what we, with our consumption, subtract during one year.

This data posits to us the question of our collective survival. We have to change if we want to avoid the abyss. Therefore, the central question the encyclical poses is: how should we relate with nature and with Mother Earth? The answer is with caring, universal fraternity, respect for every being, because each possesses intrinsic value, and with acceptance of the interrelation of all with all.

In this, Francis of Rome sought inspiration in an actual rather than a theoretical source: in Francis of Assisi. Explicitly Pope Francis says: ”I believe that Francis is the example of excellence in caring for everything that is weak, and of a holistic ecology lived with joy and authenticity,” (n.10).

All the biographers of his time (Thomas of Celano, Saint Bonaventure, quoted in the encyclical), gave testimony to “his very tender affection that nourished all creatures”; “he gave them the sweet name of brothers and sisters, whose secrets he divined, as beings that already enjoyed the freedom and the glory of the children of God”. He would free the small birds from their cages, care for all the wounded little animals and would even ask the gardeners to leave a little corner free from cultivation, so that the weeds could grow there, because they all “also announce the most beautiful Father of all beings”.

Pope Francis warns that this is not “irrational romanticism, because it has consequences for the choices that determine our behavior,” (n. 11). If we do not use the language of enchantment, fraternity and beauty in relation to the world, “our attitudes will be those of those who dominate, of the consumer, or of the very exploiter of our resources, incapable of limiting his immediate interests” (n. 11).

Here is visible another mode of being in the world, different from the one of technocratic modernity. In that mode, the human being is above all things, as the one who possesses and dominates them. Francis of Assisi’s mode-of-being is to situate one’s self next to them, to live together as brothers and sisters at home. He mystically intuited what we know now through science: that we all are carriers of the same basic genetic code; this is why we are united by a link of consanguinity that makes us relatives, cousins, brothers and sisters of each other; from this derives the importance of mutual respect and love for each other and of never using violence amongst ourselves or against any other beings, our brothers and sisters. This mode of being could open up a path for us to overcome the global ecological crisis.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.