Categoria: Teologia

Panteísmo y panenteismo: una distincción necesária

Leonardo Boff7 Comentários

Una visión cosmológica radical y coherente afirma que el sujeto último de todo lo que ocurre es el universo mismo. Él es quien hace surgir los seres, las complejidades, la biodiversidad, la conciencia y los contenidos de esta conciencia, pues somos parte de él. Así, antes de salir de nuestra cabeza como idea, la realidad de Dios estaba en el propio universo. Porque estaba en él, puede irrumpir en nosotros. A partir de esta concepción, se entiende la inmanencia de Dios en el universo. Dios viene mezclado con todos los procesos, sin diluirse dentro de ellos. Antes bien, orienta la flecha del tiempo hacia la formación de órdenes cada vez más complejos y dinámicos (que, por tanto, se distancian del equilibrio para buscar nuevas adaptaciones) y cargados de propósito. Dios aparece, en el lenguaje de las tradiciones transculturales, como Espíritu creador y ordenador de todo lo que existe. Viene mezclado con todas las cosas. Participa de sus desarrollos, sufre con las extinciones en masa, se siente crucificado con los empobrecidos, se alegra con los avances rumbo a diversidades más convergentes e interrelacionadas, apuntando hacia un punto Omega terminal.

Dios está presente en el cosmos y el cosmos está presente en Dios. La teología antigua expresaba esta mutua interpenetración por el concepto de «pericóresis» aplicado a las relaciones entre Dios y la creación y después a las divinas Personas de la Trinidad. La teología moderna ha acuñado otra expresión, el «panenteísmo» (en griego: pan=todo; en=en; theos=Dios). Es decir: Dios está en todo y todo está en Dios. Esta palabra fue propuesta por un teólogo alemán  evangélico, Frederick Krause (l781-1832), fascinado por el fulgor divino del universo.

El panenteísmo debe ser distinguido claramente del panteísmo. El panteísmo (en griego: pan = todo; theos=Dios) afirma que todo es Dios y Dios es todo. Sostiene que Dios y mundo son idénticos; que el mundo no es una criatura de Dios sino el modo necesario de existir de Dios. El panteísmo no acepta ninguna diferencia: el cielo es Dios, la Tierra es Dios, la piedra es Dios y el ser humano es Dios. Esta falta de diferencia lleva fácilmente a la indiferencia. Todo es Dios y Dios es todo, entonces es indiferente si me ocupo de una niña violada en un autobús de Río o del carnaval, o de los indígenas en extinción o de una ley contra la homofobia. Lo cual es manifiestamente un error, pues las diferencias existen y persisten.

Todo no es Dios. Las cosas son lo que son: cosas. Sin embargo, Dios está en las cosas y las cosas están de Dios, por causa de su acto creador. La criatura siempre depende de Dios y sin él volvería a la nada de dónde fue sacada. Dios y mundo son diferentes, pero no están separados o cerrados, están abiertos uno al otro. Si son diferentes es para posibilitar el encuentro y la comunión mutua. Mediante ella se superan las categorías de procedencia griega que se contraponían: transcendencia e inmanencia. Inmanencia es este mundo de aquí. Transcendencia es el mundo que está más allá de este. El cristianismo, por la encarnación de Dios creó una categoría nueva: la transparencia, que es la presencia de la trascendencia (Dios) dentro de la inmanencia (mundo). Cuando esto ocurre, Dios y el mundo se hacen mutuamente transparentes. Como decía Jesús: “quien me ve a mí, ve al Padre”. Teilhard de Chardin vivió una conmovedora espiritualidad de la transparencia. Decía: «el gran misterio de cristianismo no es la aparición, sino la transparencia de Dios en el universo. No solamente el rayo que aflora, sino el rayo que penetra. No la Epifanía sino la Diafanía» (Le milieu divin, 162).

El universo en cosmogénesis nos invita a vivenciar la experiencia que subyace tras el panenteísmo: en cada mínima manifestación del ser, en cada movimiento, en cada expresión de vida estamos ante la presencia y la acción de Dios. Abrazando al mundo estamos abrazando a Dios. Las personas sensibles a lo Sagrado y al Misterio sacan a Dios de su anonimato y le dan un nombre. Lo celebran con himnos, cánticos y ritos mediante los cuales expresan su experiencia de Dios. Testimonian lo que Pablo dijo a los griegos de Atenas: “en Dios vivimos, nos movemos y existimos” (17, 28).

How does God emerge in the evolutionary Process?

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

The new cosmology, derived from the sciences of the universe, the Earth, and life, is set in the broad scope of evolution. This evolution is not lineal. It includes stops and starts, and experiences set backs, mass destructions, and rebirths. But, if we look back, the process shows a direction: forward and up.

We are aware that some well-known scientists refuse to accept directionality in the universe. It simply would make no sense. Others, such as the well-known British physicist, Freeman Dyson – to name only one– says: «The more I examine the universe and study the details of its architecture, the more evidence I find that the universe, somehow, had to have known that we were on the way».

Looking back at the process of evolution, that has been going on for 13.7 billion years, we cannot deny that there was an upward path: energy became matter, matter became filled with information, the destructive chaos turned generative, what was simple became complex, from a complex object sprang life, and from life, consciousness emerged. There is a purpose that cannot be denied. In effect, if things in their minuscule details had not occurred as they did, we would not be here talking about them.

As the well-known mathematician and physicist, Stephen Hawking, wrote in his 2005 book, A Very Brief History of Time: «The whole universe seems to have been finely tuned to allow for the development of life. For example, if the electric charge of the electron had been a little different, the equilibrium in the stars between the electromagnetic and gravitational forces would have been altered and, they either would have been incapable of turning hydrogen into helium, or they would have exploded». Either way, life could not have existed.

How does God emerge in the cosmogenic process? The idea of God arises when we posit this question: what was there before the big bang? What gave the initial impulse? Nothingness? But nothing comes from nothing. If despite that, beings appeared, it is a sign that Someone or Something called them into existence and maintains them in being.

What we can reasonably say is: before the big bang the Unknowable existed and the Mystery was present. About the Mystery and the Unknowable, by definition, we literally can say nothing. By their nature, they are before the word, the energy, before matter, space and time.

Well then, the Mystery and the Unknowable are precisely the names that religions, including Christianity, use to denote what we call God. In front of God silence is better than words. Nevertheless, God can be perceived by reverent reason and felt by the heart as a Presence that fills the Universe and generates in us the feelings of greatness, majesty, respect and veneration.

Sitting between heaven and Earth, when we see the night filled with stars, we are breathless and become filled with reverence. The questions naturally come: Who made all this? Who hides behind the Milky Way? As the great rabbi from New York City, Abraham Heschel, said: «We can say anything, or doubt everything in our air-conditioned offices or between the four white walls of the classrooms. But we cannot be silent when we are faced with the complexity of nature and drenched with its beauty. It is impossible to underestimate the morning dawn, to be indifferent when a flower blooms, or not to be amazed when we see a newborn child». Almost spontaneously we say: it was God who set it all in motion. God is the originating Source and the Abysm that nourishes everything.

There is another important question: what does God want to express with creation? Answering this is the concern not only of the religious consciousness, but of science itself. Let us use as an illustration what Stephen Hawking also said in his well-known book, Brief history of time, 1992: «If we were to find the answer to why we and the universe exist, we would have the definitive triumph of human reason; because then we would have reached the knowledge of the mind of God». Scientists are still searching for the hidden design of God.

From a religious perspective we can succinctly say: It would seem that the meaning of the universe and of our own conscious existence resides in the fact of being the mirror in which God sees the Divine. God creates the universe as an overflowing of the divine plenitude of being, of goodness and intelligence. There is creation, so that others may participate in the divine superabundance. The human being with consciousness is created in order to be able to hear the messages the universe wants to communicate to us, so that the human being may capture the histories of the beings of creation, of the heavens, the seas, the animals, and the human process itself, linking everything to the original Source, whence it all comes.

The universe is still being born. The tendency is to finish being born and to show the hidden potentialities. For that, expansion also means revelation. When all has been realized, then the design of the Creator will be completely revealed.

Panteímo e panenteísmo: distinção necessária

Leonardo Boff16 Comentários

Uma visão cosmológica radical e coerente afirma que o sujeito último de tudo o que ocorre é o próprio universo. É ele que faz emergir os seres, as complexidades, a biodiversidade, a consciência e os conteúdos desta consciência pois somos parte dele. Assim, antes de estar em nossa cabeça como idéia, a realidade de Deus estava no próprio universo. Porque estava lá, pôde irromper em nós. A partir desta compreensão se entende a imanência de Deus no universo. Deus vem misturado com todos os processos, sem perder-se dentro deles.  Antes, orienta a seta do tempo para a emergência de ordens cada vez mais complexas, dinâmicas (portanto, que se distanciam do equilíbrio para buscar novas adaptações) e carregadas de propósito. Deus comparece, na linguagem das tradições transculturais, como o Espírito criador e ordenador de tudo o que existe. Ela vem misturado com as coisas. Participa de seus desdobramentos, sofre com as extinções em massa, sente-se crucificado nos empobrecidos, rejubila-se com os avanços rumo a diversidades mais convergentes e interrelacionadas, apontando para um ponto Omega  terminal.

Deus está presente no cosmos e o cosmos está presente em Deus. A teologia antiga expressava esta mútua interpenetração pelo conceito “pericórese”, aplicada às relações entre Deus e a criação e depois entre as divinas Pessoas da Trindade. A teologia moderna cunhou outra expressão, o “panenteísmo” ( em grego: pan=tudo; en= em; theos=Deus). Quer dizer: Deus está em tudo e tudo está em Deus. Esta palavra foi proposta evangélico Frederick Krause (l781-1832), fascinado pelo fulgor divino do universo.

O panenteísmo deve ser distinguido claramente do panteísmo. O panteísmo (em grego: pan-tudo; theos=Deus) afirma que tudo é Deus e Deus é tudo. Sustenta que Deus e mundo são idênticos; que o mundo não é criatura de Deus mas o modo necessário de existir de Deus. O panteísmo não aceita nenhuma diferença: o céu é Deus, a Terra é Deus, a pedra é Deus e o ser humano é Deus. Esta falta de diferença leva facilmente à indiferença. Se tudo é Deus e Deus é  tudo, então é indiferente se me ocupo com uma menina estuprada num ônibus no Rio ou com o carnaval, ou com indígenas em extinção ou com uma lei contra a homofobia.  O que é manifestamente um erro, pois diferenças existem e persistem.

Tudo não é Deus. As coisas são o que são: coisas. No entanto, Deus está nas coisas e  as coisas estão em Deus, por causa de seu ato criador. A criatura sempre depende de Deus e sem Ele voltaria ao nada de onde foi tirada. Deus e mundo  são diferentes. Mas não estão separados ou fechados. Estão abertos um ao outro. Se são diferentes, é para possibilitar o encontro e a mútua comunhão.   Por causa dela superem-se as categorias de procedência grega se contrapunham: transcendência e imanência. Imanência é este mundo aqui. Transcendência é o mundo que está para além deste.  O Cristianismo por causa da encarnação de Deus, criou a categoria transparência. Ela é a presença da transcendência (Deus) dentro da imanência(mundo). Quando isso ocorre, Deus e mundo se fazem mutuamente transparentes. Como dizia Jesus: “quem vê a mim, vê o Pai”. Teilhard de Chardin viveu uma comovente espiritualidade da transparência. Bem dizia:” O grande mistério do Cristianismo não é a aparição, mas a transparência de Deus no universo. Não somente o raio que aflora, mas o raio que penetra. Não a Epi-fania mas a Dia-fania” (Le milieu divin 1957, 162).

O universo em cosmogênese nos convida a vivermos a experiência que subjaz ao panenteísmo: em cada mínima manifestação de ser, em cada movimento, em cada expressão de vida estamos às voltas com a presença e a ação de Deus. Abraçando o mundo, estamos abraçando Deus. As pessoas sensíveis ao Sagrado e ao Mistério tiram Deus de seu anonimato e dão-lhe um nome. Celebram-no com hinos, cânticos e ritos mediante os quais expressam sua experiência de Deus. Testemunham o que Paulo disse aos gregos de Atenas:”Em Deus vivemos, nos movemos e existimos”(17, 28).

Leonardo Boff é autor de EXPERIMENTAR DEUS: a transparência de todas as coisas, Vozes 2011.

Liberation and the new Cosmology

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

Some time ago, the U.S. Museum of Natural History conducted a survey among biologists, asking if they believed that we are in the middle of a mass extinction. 70% replied that yes, we are. The renown cosmologist Brian Swimme, who, with Thomas Berry, authored one of the most brilliant narratives on the history of the universe, The Universe Story, 1992, was asked what could we do, and he replied: «for some time now the universe has been doing its part to stop the disaster; but we must do our part. And we will do it through the awakening of a new cosmological consciousness, that is, if we adjust our behavior to the logic of the universe. But we are not yet doing enough.»

What does this reply mean? It points towards a new consciousness that assumes collective responsibility for the protection of our common house and caring for our civilization. To adjust our behavior to the logic of the universe means to answer the calls that arise from what is called the «cosmogenic principle». It is this principle that structures the expansion and generation of the universe, with all its inert and living beings. It manifests itself through three characteristics: difference/complexity, subjectivity/internalizing, and interdependency/communion.

In simpler terms: the more the universe expands, the more complex it becomes; when it becomes more complex, it acquires more internalizing and subjectivity, (each being has its own way of relating and of making its history). And the more internalizing and subjectivity the universe acquires, the more all beings enter into communion with each other, and reinforce their interdependency in the context of their belonging to a great Whole. Berry and Swimme comment: «if there had been no complexity (differentiation), the universe would have perished as a homogenous mass; if there had been no subjectivity, the universe would have become an inert and dead expanse; if there had been no communion, the universe would have been transformed into a number of isolated events.»

We, the liberation theologians, over 40 years of reflection, have tried to explore the economic, social, anthropologic and spiritual dimensions of liberation, as an answer to specific forms of oppression. In the context of the generalized ecologic crisis we are seeking to incorporate this cosmologic vision. This has forced us to break away from the conventional paradigm in which we organized our thinking, which is still linked to a mechanical and static cosmology. The new cosmology sees the universe differently, as an incommensurable process of evolution/expansion/creation that involves all that happens within it, including consciousness and society.

In cosmologic principle terminology, personal liberation means to free oneself from limitations, so as to experience a communion with all beings and with the universe, a phenomenon the Buddhists call «illumination» (satori), and the experience of no-duality that Saint Francis lived, in the sense of an open brotherhood and sisterhood with all beings. In social terms, liberation in light of the cosmogenic principle is the creation of a society without oppression, where diversities are valued and expanded (diversities of gender, cultures and spiritual ways). This means leaving behind the culture of the official thinking of the only approved politics, economy, and theology. This is the principal means of oppression and homogenization.

Liberation also requires a deepening of internalization. Internalization is no longer satisfied by the mere consumption of material goods; it asks for values linked to creativity, to the arts, meditation and the communion with Mother Earth and the universe. Liberation results from the forces of the «relational matrix», especially with those who suffer injustices and are excluded. This matrix makes us feel like members of the community of life, and sons and daughters of Mother Earth, who through us feels, loves, cares and is concerned for the common future.

Finally, liberation in a cosmologic perspective demands a new awareness of universal interdependency and responsibility. We are called upon to reinvent our species, as we have done in the past, during the different crises humanity has experienced. It is urgent now because we do not have much time and we must face up to challenges of the present crisis of the Earth.