Categoria: Idiomas

Life as a cosmic imperative

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

For centuries scientists have tried to explain the universe with laws of physics, expressed through mathematical equations. The universe was viewed as an immense machine that always functioned in a stable form. Life and consciousness did not have a place in that paradigm. They were matters for the religions.

But everything has changed since the 1920s, when astronomer Edwin Hubble showed that the natural state of the universe is not stability, but change. The universe began expanding with the explosion of a point: extremely small but immensely hot, and full of potential: the big bang. Then the quarks and leptons were formed, the most elemental particles that, once combined, gave rise to protons and neutrons, the basis of atoms. And starting from there, everything.

Expansion, self-organization, complexity, and the emergence of order, ever more sophisticated, are characteristics of the Universe. And life?

We do not know how it emerged. We can only say that it took the Earth and all the Universe billions of years to create the conditions for the birth of this beautiful thing that is life. Life is fragile because it can easily get sick and die. But life is also strong, because until now nothing, not volcanoes, earthquakes, meteors, or the massive extinctions of past eras, has managed to totally extinguish life.

For life to emerge the Universe had to be endowed with three qualities: order, arising from chaos, complexity, derived from simple beings and information, created by the connections of everything with everything else. But one factor was still lacking: the creation of the bricks with which the house of life is built. Those bricks were forged within the heart of the great red stars that burned for several billion years. They are the chemical acids and other elements that enable all the combinations and transformations. Thus, there is no life without carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, iron, phosphorus, and the 92 elements of the Mendeleyev periodical table.

When these varied elements are united, they form what we call a molecule, the smallest piece of living matter. The joinder with other molecules created the organisms and organs that form living beings, from the bacteria to human beings.

Ilya Prigogine, 1977 Nobel laureate for chemistry, is credited with showing that life results from the intrinsic self organizing dynamics of the Universe itself. He also showed that a factory exists that continuously produces life. The central motor of this factory of life is the combining of 20 amino acids and 4 nitrogenous bases.

Amino acids are a group of acids that when combined permit life to emerge. They are comprised of four nitrogen bases that function like four types of cement, joining the bricks to build the most diverse kinds of houses. This is biodiversity.

Consequently, the same basic genetic code creates the sacred oneness of life, from micro-organisms to human beings. We all are, in fact, cousins, brothers and sisters, as Pope Francis affirms in his encyclical letter on integral ecology (n. 92) because we are made of the same 20 amino acids and 4 nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine and cytosine).

But the cradle that could welcome life was missing: the atmosphere and biosphere with all the essential elements to life: carbon, oxygen, methane, sulphuric acid, nitrogen and others.

With these pre-conditions, some 3.8 billion years ago something portentous happened. Possibly from the sea or a primitive marsh where all the elements bubbled like a kind of soup, suddenly, from the impact of a great bolt of lightning from above, life emerged.

Mysteriously, there has been life for 3.8 billion years on the minuscule planet Earth, in a fifth order solar system, in a corner of our galaxy, 29 thousand light years from the center of that galaxy. Here, the most unique event of the evolution occurred: the emergence of life.

Life is the original mother of all living beings, the true Eve. All other life forms descend from her, including we humans, a subchapter of the chapter of life: our conscious life.
Finally, I would dare join biologist Christian de Duve, also a Nobel laureate, and cosmologist Brian Swimme, in saying that the Universe would be incomplete without life. Whenever a certain level of complexity is reached, life will always emerge as a cosmic imperative, in any part of the Universe.

We must overcome the common idea that the Universe is merely a physical and dead thing, with some specks of life to adorn the picture. That is a poor and false understanding. The Universe seems to be full of life and it exists for that, as the cradle that welcomes life, especially our life.

Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher, of the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Worldwide disorder: the specter of total domination

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

Worldwide disorder: the specter of total domination. That is the title of the latest book by Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira (Civilização Brasileira, 2016), our most respected analyst of international politics. The author has had access to the most secure sources of information, to multiple archives, to which he brings a vast knowledge of history. There are 643 dense pages, written with fluidity and elegance that often sound like reading a historical novel.

Moniz Bandeira is, above all, a meticulous researcher and, at the same time, a militant against the imperialism of the United States, whose entrails he cuts as with a surgeon’s scalpel. Not without reason he was jailed in 1969 – 1970, and again in 1973, by the fearsome Center of Information of the Marine (Centro de Informaciones de la Marina, Cenimar), for critically opposing, in the context of the cold-war, the main supporter of Brazilian dictatorship: the United States of Northamerica.

The materials at his disposal permit him to denounce the present imperial logic through the subtitle of his book: “proxy wars, terror, chaos and humanitarian catastrophes”. Those who still nourish admiration for the Northamerican democracy and seek to align themselves with its imperial designs (as Brazilian neoliberals do), will find here vast materials for critical reflection and for a more nuance reading of the world.

Two themes guide the power centers of the Northamerican state, with its countless organs of internal and external security: “one world and only one empire” or “only one project” and “a vision of total domination (full-spectrum dominance/superiority)”. That is, Northamerican foreign policy is inspired by the (illusory) “exceptionality” of the old “manifest destiny”, a variation “of the chosen people of God, the superior race”, called to spread throughout the world democracy, liberty and rights (always according to the imperial interpretation of these terms) and to consider itself (pretentiously) “the indispensable and necessary nation”, the “anchor of global security” or the “only power” (sole power).

Already in the XVIII century, Edmund Burke, (1729-1797), and in the XIX century, the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805-1859), had the premonition that the Northamerican President had more power than an absolutist monarch, and that this would degenerate into a military democracy (p. 55). In effect, with George W. Bush as a result of the attack on the “Twin Towers”, a true military democracy was established, with the declaration of the war on terror and enactment of the Patriot Act, that suspended basic civil rights, undermined habeas corpus, and allowed torture. This is certainly a terrorist state.

Several Northamerican scientists, quoted by Moniz Bandeira (p. 470), affirmed: “there is no longer a democracy but an economic elite domination to which the president must submit. Decisions are made by the military-industrial complex (the war machine), by Wall Street (financiers), by powerful business organizations and a small number of very influential Northamericans. To guarantee the “vision of total dominations” they maintain 800 military bases throughout the world, the majority with nuclear installations, and 16 agencies of security with 107,035 civil and military agents. As Henry Kissinger said: “the mission of the United States is to propagate democracy, by force if necessary” (p.443). Under this logic, from 1776 to 2015, that is, in the 239 years the United States of Northamerica has been in existence, there have been 218 years of war, and only 21 years of peace (p. 472).

It was hoped that Barack Obama would bring a different direction to this violent history. That was an illusion. Obama only changed the names, but maintained the spirit of exceptionalism, and the tortures in Guantanamo and other places outside the United States, as in the times of Bush. To the perpetual war he gave the name Oversight Contingency Operation. By personal decision, (penal), he authorized hundreds of drone attacks and with planes without pilots, killing the principal Arab leaders (p. 476).

With certain deception, Bill Clinton said: “The United States has not won a single war since 1945” (p. 312). In the silence of darkness of the night they fled Iraq. (p. 508).

The book of Moniz Bandeira deals with minimal details about the Wars in Ukraine, the Crimea and the Islamic State of Syria, with the names of the principal actors and dates.

The conclusion is devastating: “Wherever the United States intervenes with the specific goal of bringing democracy, that specific objective is comprised of bombings, destruction, terror, massacres, chaos and humanitarian catastrophes… they come to defend their needs, their economic and geopolitical interests; and their imperial interests” (p.513).

The quantity of information presented sustain this claim, regardless of the limitations that may always be adduced.

Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher -Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.
****************************************************************

Worldwide disorder: the specter of total domination

Leonardo Boff2 Comentários

Worldwide disorder: the specter of total domination. That is the title of the latest book by Luiz Alberto Moniz Bandeira (Civilização Brasileira, 2016), our most respected analyst of international politics. The author has had access to the most secure sources of information, to multiple archives, to which he brings a vast knowledge of history. There are 643 dense pages, written with fluidity and elegance that often sound like reading a historical novel.

Moniz Bandeira is, above all, a meticulous researcher and, at the same time, a militant against the imperialism of the United States, whose entrails he cuts as with a surgeon’s scalpel. Not without reason he was jailed in 1969 – 1970, and again in 1973, by the fearsome Center of Information of the Marine (Centro de Informaciones de la Marina, Cenimar), for critically opposing, in the context of the cold-war, the main supporter of Brazilian dictatorship: the United States of Northamerica.

The materials at his disposal permit him to denounce the present imperial logic through the subtitle of his book: “proxy wars, terror, chaos and humanitarian catastrophes”. Those who still nourish admiration for the Northamerican democracy and seek to align themselves with its imperial designs (as Brazilian neoliberals do), will find here vast materials for critical reflection and for a more nuance reading of the world.

Two themes guide the power centers of the Northamerican state, with its countless organs of internal and external security: “one world and only one empire” or “only one project” and “a vision of total domination (full-spectrum dominance/superiority)”. That is, Northamerican foreign policy is inspired by the (illusory) “exceptionality” of the old “manifest destiny”, a variation “of the chosen people of God, the superior race”, called to spread throughout the world democracy, liberty and rights (always according to the imperial interpretation of these terms) and to consider itself (pretentiously) “the indispensable and necessary nation”, the “anchor of global security” or the “only power” (sole power).

Already in the XVIII century, Edmund Burke, (1729-1797), and in the XIX century, the Frenchman Alexis de Tocqueville, (1805-1859), had the premonition that the Northamerican President had more power than an absolutist monarch, and that this would degenerate into a military democracy (p. 55). In effect, with George W. Bush as a result of the attack on the “Twin Towers”, a true military democracy was established, with the declaration of the war on terror and enactment of the Patriot Act, that suspended basic civil rights, undermined habeas corpus, and allowed torture. This is certainly a terrorist state.

Several Northamerican scientists, quoted by Moniz Bandeira (p. 470), affirmed: “there is no longer a democracy but an economic elite domination to which the president must submit. Decisions are made by the military-industrial complex (the war machine), by Wall Street (financiers), by powerful business organizations and a small number of very influential Northamericans. To guarantee the “vision of total dominations” they maintain 800 military bases throughout the world, the majority with nuclear installations, and 16 agencies of security with 107,035 civil and military agents. As Henry Kissinger said: “the mission of the United States is to propagate democracy, by force if necessary” (p.443). Under this logic, from 1776 to 2015, that is, in the 239 years the United States of Northamerica has been in existence, there have been 218 years of war, and only 21 years of peace (p. 472).

It was hoped that Barack Obama would bring a different direction to this violent history. That was an illusion. Obama only changed the names, but maintained the spirit of exceptionalism, and the tortures in Guantanamo and other places outside the United States, as in the times of Bush. To the perpetual war he gave the name Oversight Contingency Operation. By personal decision, (penal), he authorized hundreds of drone attacks and with planes without pilots, killing the principal Arab leaders (p. 476).

With certain deception, Bill Clinton said: “The United States has not won a single war since 1945” (p. 312). In the silence of darkness of the night they fled Iraq. (p. 508).

The book of Moniz Bandeira deals with minimal details about the Wars in Ukraine, the Crimea and the Islamic State of Syria, with the names of the principal actors and dates.

The conclusion is devastating: “Wherever the United States intervenes with the specific goal of bringing democracy, that specific objective is comprised of bombings, destruction, terror, massacres, chaos and humanitarian catastrophes… they come to defend their needs, their economic and geopolitical interests; and their imperial interests” (p.513).

The quantity of information presented sustain this claim, regardless of the limitations that may always be adduced.
Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher -Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The cosmic Christ: a spirituality of the universe

Leonardo Boff9 Comentários

One of the most persistent searches among scientists associated with the Earth and life sciences is for the unity of the Whole. They say: «we must find the formula that explains everything, that way we will discover the mind of God». This search is called: The Theory of the Great Unification, or Quantic Theory of the Fields, or by the pompous name of the Theory of the Whole. Despite their best efforts, they all have wound up frustrated or, like the great mathematician Stephen Hawking, they abandoned this pretense as impossible. The Universe is far too complex to be readily explained by a single formula.

Nonetheless, researching the subatomic particles –more than one hundred– and the primordial energies, it has come to be understood that they all lead to the so-called «quantum vacuum», that is not so much a vacuum as the plenitude of all potentialities. From that bottomless depth all beings and the entire Universe have emerged. It is represented as a vast ocean of energies and potentialities without boundaries. Others call it the “source of all beings”, or the “nourishing abyss of everything”.

Curiously, one of the principal cosmologists, Brian Swimme, calls it the ineffable and the mysterious (The Hidden Heart of the Cosmos, 1996). These are characteristics that the religions attribute to the Ultimate Reality, that is called by a thousand names: Tao, Jehovah, Allah, Olorum, God… A vacuum pregnant with energy, if it is not God, (God is always first), it is its best metaphor and representation.

Matter is not the basis: the pregnant vacuum is. It is the original source. Thomas Berry, the great Northamerican ecologist/cosmologist, wrote: «We need to feel that we are filled with the very energy that caused the Earth, the stars and the galaxies to emerge. That same energy created all forms of life, and the reflexive consciousness of humans. It is what inspires poets, thinkers and artists of all times. We are immersed in an ocean of energy that is far beyond our understanding. But that energy in final analysis is ours, not by domination, but by invocation» (The Great Work, 1999, 175), that is, by opening ourselves to it.

If this is so, everything that exists emerged from this fount of energy: cultures, religions, Christianity itself and even such figures as Buddha, Moses, Jesus and each one of us. All was being created within the cosmogenic process, as more complex orders would emerge, ever more internalized and interconnected with all beings. When a given level of that source energy is accumulated, then the historical events and each individual person emerges.

Who saw the creation of Christ in this cosmos was the Jesuit paleontologist and mystic, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, (1881-1955), who reconciled the Christian faith with the idea of a broader evolution and the new cosmology. Teilhard distinguishes the «Christic» from the «Christian». The Christic presents itself as an objective date within the process of evolution. It would be the link that unites everything. Because it was within it, one day in history the figure could emerge of Jesus of Nazareth, the one for whom all things have their existence and consistence, as Saint Paul would say.

Therefore, when the Christic is subjectively recognized and is transformed within the consciousness of a group, it becomes «Christian». Then historical Christianity emerges, founded in Jesus, the Christ, the incarnation of the Christic. It follows that its ultimate roots are not in first century Palestine, but within the very process of cosmic evolution.

Saint Augustine, writing to a Pagan philosopher (Epistle 102), intuited this truth: «That which now bears the name of a Christian religion existed before, and was not absent from the origins of the human being until Christ came in the flesh; rather, that was then when the true religion, that already existed, began to be called Christian».

Similar reasoning is found in Buddhism. There exists Buddhity (the capacity of illumination) that was being forged throughout the process of evolution until Siddhartha Gautama emerged and became the Buddha. This could only be manifested in the person of Gautama because the Budheity was earlier in the process of evolution. So, he became the Buddha, just as Jesus became the Christ.

When this understanding is internalized to the point of transforming our perception of things, of nature, of the Earth and the Universe, then the path is open to a cosmic spiritual experience, of communion with all and with everyone. We realize through this spiritual path that which the scientists sought through science: a link that unifies all and moves it forward.

Leonardo Boff Theologian-Philosopher and member of the Earthcharter Commission

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.