Categoria: Idiomas

The Tradition of Jesus vs the Christian Religion

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

To adequately comprehend Christianity, one must make  some distinctions that are accepted by most scholars. Thus, it is important to distinguish between the historical Jesus and the Christ of the faith.  By historical Jesus is understood the preacher and prophet from Nazareth as he actually existed under Caesar Augustus and Herod. The Christ of the faith is the content of the preaching of his disciples, who see Him as the Son of God and Savior.

Another important distinction that must be made is between the Kingdom of God and the Church. The Kingdom of God is the original message of Jesus. It signifies an absolute revolution, redefining the relationships of human beings with God, (sons and daughters), of humans among themselves (all brothers and sisters), of humans with society (the centrality of the poor), and with the universe (the creation of a new heaven and a new Earth). The Church has been possible because Jesus was rejected and therefore, the Kingdom of God was not realized. The Church is a historical construction, that tries to carry on the cause of Jesus in different cultures and epochs. The dominant incarnation is in Western culture, but it is also found in Eastern culture, in the Copt and others.

It is also important to distinguish between theTradition of Jesus, and the Christian religion.  TheTradition of Jesus predates the writing of the Gospels, even though it is embodied in them. The Gospels were written from 30 to 60 years after the execution of Jesus. In the meantime, communities and churches were organized, with their tensions, internal conflicts and forms of organization. The Gospels reflect and are part of this situation.  The Gospels do not pretend to be historical books, but books for edification, and for the diffusion of the life and message of Jesus, as the Savior of the world.

What does theTradition of Jesus mean within this tangle? TheTradition of Jesus is that hard nucleus, the contents that fit in a nut shell and represent the original intention and praxis of Jesus (ipsissima intentio et acta Jesu) before the interpretations that were made of them. It could be summarized in the following: In the first place is the dream of Jesus, the Kingdom of God, as an absolute revolution of history and the universe, a conflictive proposition, because it opposed the kingdom of Caesar. Then, His personal experience of God, that He transmitted to His followers: God is Father (Abba), filled with love and tenderness. His special characteristic is to be merciful, God loves the ungrateful and the bad (Luke 6,35). Then He preaches and lives unconditional love, that He puts on the same level as the love of God. Another point is to give centrality to the poor and the invisible. They are the first addressed and beneficiaries of the Kingdom, not for their moral condition, but because they are deprived of life, which causes the living God to opt for them. Our conduct with them will determine whether or not we attain salvation (Matthew  25,46). Still another important point is community. He chose twelve to live with Him; the number twelve is symbolic: it represents the gathering of the 12 tribes of Israel and the reconciliation of all peoples, becoming The People of God. Finally, the use of power. The only legitimate use of power is that which serves the community, and the power holder must always seek to be in last place.

These values and visions form theTradition of Jesus. As can be seen, it is not about an institution, doctrine or discipline. Jesus wanted to teach how to live, not to create a new religion, an institution with pious parishioners. TheTradition of Jesus is a good dream, a spiritual path that can take many forms and also can have followers other than the religious and ecclesiastic.

TheTradition of Jesus transformed itself through history into a religion, the Christian religion: a religious organization consisting of different Churches, especially the Roman Catholic Church. These Churches are characterized by being institutions with doctrines, disciplines, ethical determinations, ritual forms of celebration and juridical canons. The Roman Catholic Church in particular was organized around the category of sacred power (sacra potestas), which it concentrated in the hands of a small elite, a hierarchy with the Pope at the head, to the exclusion of the laity and of women. The hierarchy holds on to the decision making, and a monopoly on the word. It is hierarchical, and creates great inequalities. The hierarchy illegitimately claims to be identified with theTradition of Jesus.

This type of historical transformation obscures the best of the originality and enchantment of theTradition of Jesus. It is why the Churches are all in crisis, because they are no longer “joy for all the people” (Luke 2,11), as they were at their beginnings.

Jesus, Himself, foresaw this development, warning that is of little use to observe the laws “and not worry about the most important, which is justice, mercy and faith; this is what is important, without excluding the other” (Matthew 23,23).

Returning to the present:  Wherein lies the fascination with the figure and speeches of Pope Francis? It is because he directly allies himself with theTradition of Jesus.  Pope Francis affirms that “love comes before dogma and service to the poor before doctrines” (Civiltà Cattolica). Without this inversion, Christianity loses “the freshness and the fragrance of the Gospel.”  It transforms itself into a religious ideology and becomes a doctrinarian obsession.

There is no way to regain the credibility the Roman Catholic Church has lost, other than to return to the Tradition of Jesus, as Pope Francis is wisely doing.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

The Death and the Burial of Little Sister Genoveva, Midwife of the Tapirape People

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

On September 24, 2013, in the small village of the Tapirape people, in the Araguaia, the Little Sister of Jesus Genoveva, French by birth, passed away.  Little Sister Genoveva and her companions lived an experience that anthropologist Darcy Ribeiro considered one of the most exemplary in the entire history of anthropology: the meeting and submersion into the indigenous culture of someone of the White culture.What follows is the testimony of Canuto, who knows well the life and work of Little Sister Genoveva. This is how he describes her death:

«In the morning of Tuesday the 24th, Genoveva was well. She kneaded the clay to fix the house. She had a tranquil lunch with Little Sister Odile. She was relaxing when she felt a pain in her chest. Odile hurried to get transportation to take Genoveva to the hospital of Confresa. On the way, her breathing became more and more labored.  She died before reaching the hospital.

Back in the village, there was general consternation. Genoveva had overseen the birth of 100% of the Apyãwa (that is what the Tapirape used to call themselves.  It is what they are now calling themselves again), in their 61 years of shared life.

The Apyãwa wanted to bury her according to their customs, as if another Apyãwa had died. The funeral chants, and rhythmic steps, lasted through the night and the following day.  Much crying and lamentations could be heard.

In keeping with the Apyãwa ritual, Genoveva was buried inside of the house where she lived. The grave was very carefully opened by the Apyãwa, accompanied by ritual canticles. Some 40 centimeters above the ground they placed two bolsters, one at each end. To these bolsters they tied her hammock. It was spread out, as if she were sleeping.  Above the bolsters boards were placed, and earth was put on them. All the earth that was put on the boards was brought by the women, as tradition mandates.  The following day this earth was soaked and it was molded so that it became as firm and thick as well mixed earth. Everything was accompanied by ritual canticles.

In her hammock where she always slept, Genoveva now sleeps the eternal dream among those she chose to be her people.

The news of her passing flew across the region, all over Brazil and throughout the world.  Many Pastoral Agents came. The Coordinators of the Missionary Indigenous Council, CIMI, from Cuiaba, arrived after a trip of more than 1,100 kilometers, when the body was already in the tomb, still covered only by the boards.  The Apyãwa removed the boards so that those who had just arrived could see her one last time in her hammock.

With the ritual chants of the Tapirape were blended other chants, and testimonials of the Christian path of Little Sister Genoveva. At the end, the Cacique said that all the Apyãwa were greatly saddened by the death of the Little Sister. Speaking in Portuguese and in Tapirape, he pointed out the respect with which the Little Sisters had treated all of them during the sixty years of coexistence. He recalled that the Apyãwa owed their survival to the Little Sisters, because when they arrived, the Tapirape were very few and now they number almost one thousand.

Planted in Tapirape territory is Genoveva, a monument to coherence, silence and humility, to respect and recognition of that which is different, proving that it is possible, with simple and small actions, to save the life of a whole people.

Greetings: Antonio Canuto».

In September, 2002, after an encounter with Little Sister Genoveva, I wrote a small article in the Jornal do Brasil, that I bring back in part here:

The Little Sisters of Foucauld are a testament to the new form of evangelization, desired by so many in Latin America: instead of converting people, instead of giving them doctrine, and building churches, they decided to embody the indigenous culture and to live and coexist with them. This path was lived in our times by Brother Carlos de Foucauld, who early in the XX century went to the desert of Algeria, among the Moslems, not to preach, but to coexist with them and to welcome the differences of their culture and of their religion. That is what the Little Sisters of Jesus have done among the Tapirape people, in the Northeast of  Mato Grosso, near the Araguaia river.

On September 17, 2002, I attended the celebration of the fifty years of their presence along the Tapirape. There was the pioneer, Little Sister Genoveva, who began her coexistence with the tribe in October 1952.

How did they come there? The Little Sisters learned through French Dominican friars who had missions in the lands of the Araguaia, that the Tapirape were dying out. From the 1500 who existed in ancient times they had been reduced to 47, due to the incursions of the Kayapo, White men’s diseases, and the lack of women. In the spirit of Brother Carlos, of going to coexist and not to convert, they decided to join that people in their agony.

When she arrived, Little Sister Genoveva heard from Cacique Marcos: “The Tapirape will disappear. The Whites will finish us. The earth has worth, hunting has worth, fishing has worth.  Only we Indians are worth nothing.”  The Tapirape had internalized the thought that they were worthless, and that they were inexorably condemned to disappear.

The Little Sisters went to the Tapirape and asked for hospitality. The Little Sisters began to live the Gospel of fraternity with the Tapirape, in the fields, in the struggle for the yuca of every day. They began learning their language and assimilating all that is theirs, including religion, in a solitary journey without return. In time, they were incorporated as members of the tribe.

The Tapirape’s self respect grew. Thanks to the mediation of the Little Sisters, Karaja women married Tapirape men, thus guaranteeing the multiplication of the people. From 47 they now number almost one thousand. In 50 years, the Little Sisters did not convert a single one member of the tribe. But they accomplished much more: they became midwives of a people, following the light of He who understood His mission as “bringing life and life in abundance”, Jesus of Nazareth.

When I saw the face of a Tapirape woman and the aged face of Little Sister Genoveva, I thought: if she had dyed her white hair with tucum, the Little Sister would have passed as a perfect Tapirape woman. She had accomplished in fact the prophesy of the founder: “The Little Sisters would make themselves Tapirape, so that from here they would go to others and love them, but they always will be Tapirape”.

Should not Christianity follow that path if it wants to have a future in a globalized world? The Gospel without power, and coexistence that is tender and fraternal?

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

With Pope Francis, the Third World has come to the Vatican

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

There is broad awareness of the many innovations that Pope Francis, the Bishop of Rome, as he likes to be called, has introduced in papal behavior and in his style of presiding over the Church, with tenderness, comprehension, dialogue and compassion.  More than a few are perplexed, because they were accustomed to the classic style of the popes, forgetting that it is a style handed down from the pagan Roman emperors, from the name «Pope» to that richly adorned cape on their shoulders, the muceta, the symbol of absolute imperial power, which Francis promptly rejected.

We must remember once again that the present Pope comes from the periphery of the central European Church. He has a different ecclesiastical experience, with new customs and with a different way of experiencing the world and its contradictions. As he consciously expressed it in his lengthy interview with the Jesuit magazine, Civilta Catolica: «The young Churches have developed a synthesis of faith, culture and the life hereafter, which therefore is different from that developed by the older Churches». They are not characterized by change, but by stability and it is hard for them to incorporate new elements coming from the modern secular and democratic culture.

Here Pope Francis emphasizes the difference. He has the consciousness that he comes from a different manner of being Church, which has matured in the Third World. The Third World is characterized by profound social injustices, by the absurd number of favelas, shanty towns, that surround almost every city, by the always despised native cultures, and by the legacy of slavery shadowing the afro-descendants, who are subjected to great discrimination. The Church understands that, besides her specific religious mission, she cannot avoid her urgent social mission: to stand with the weak and oppressed, and to struggle for their liberation. In several gatherings the Bishops of the Latin-American and Caribbean continent, (CELAM), developed the preferential option for the poor in challenging their poverty, and the liberating evangelization.

Pope Francis comes from this ecclesiastical and cultural breeding ground. Here, in the Third World, these options, with their theological reflections, with their form of living the faith in community networks and with celebrations that incorporate the popular style of praying to God, are obvious matters. But they are not so for Christians of the old European Christianity, who are filled with traditions, theologies, cathedrals and a sense of the world impregnated with the Greek-Roman-Germanic culture in the articulation of the Christian message. Because the Pope comes from a Church that gave centrality to the poor, he first visited the refugees in the Isle of Lampedusa, continued with the Jesuit center in Rome, and then the unemployed in Corsica. It is natural for him, but it is almost a «scandal» for the Roman curia, and unprecedented to other European Christians. The option for the poor reaffirmed by the last Popes was purely rhetorical and conceptual. There was no real encounter with the poor and with those who suffer. Francis does exactly the opposite: the good news is affective and effective praxis.

Perhaps these words by Francis clarify his style of living and of seeing the mission of the Church: «I see the Church as a field hospital after a battle. It is useless to ask a gravely wounded soldier if his cholesterol and blood sugar are high. First the wounds must be healed, then we can talk of the rest». «The Church, –Pope Francis continues–, often focuses on small things, on petty precepts. The most important, much better, is to first announce: “Jesus saved you”. For this, the ministers of the Church must in the first place be ministers of mercy.  The structural and organizational reforms are secondary, that is, they come later.  Therefore, the first reform must be the reform of attitude». «The ministers of the Gospel must be capable of warming people’s hearts, of walking with them in the night, knowing how to dialogue, and also being able to enter their night, their obscurity, without getting lost». «The people of God –Pope Francis concludes– want pastors, not functionaries or clerics of the State». In Brazil, talking to the Bishops of Latin America, the Pope tasked them with forging a «revolution of tenderness».

Therefore, centrality is not given to doctrine and discipline, so dominant lately, but to humans, and their searches and inquires, be they believers or not, as Pope Francis showed in his dialogue with Eugenio Scalfari, the former editor of the Roman daily, La Repubblica, who himself is a non-believer. These are new winds that blow from the new peripheral Churches, touching the whole Church. Spring is really coming, filled with promises.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

An Open Letter to Pope Francis: an Assembly for Life on Earth

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

Dearest Pope Francis,

We, the undersigned Christians,  as well as persons of other religions and persons of good will, address this Open Letter to You, with a very special petition. We would like You to call a global event, such as an Assembly, in defense of life on Earth.

Today life is mortally wounded: by hunger (900 million people worldwide), by thirst (1200 million persons do not have clean water to drink every day, and 2400 million lack basic sanitation), by war, by the destruction of the environment (the soil, water, biodiversity, air) and, above all, humanity and all forms of life are threatened by astonishing climate changes. As the Aparecida Document says, we are experiencing not only an epoch of changes, but a change of epoch (DAp 44). A consumerist and predatory society such as at present holds no future for humanity as a whole.

When creating the world, God gave the Earth to men and women for us “to cultivate it and to guard it” (Gen 2,15). After the Flood, when Noah left the Ark with his family and all the animals that were there, God made with them a primordial alliance, saying: “For my part, I will establish a covenant with you, and with your descendents; with every living creature that is with you, with the birds, the domestic and wild animals. In sum, with all the animals of the Earth that leave the ark with you” (Gen 9, 9-10). Apostle Paul himself tells us that “creation itself awaits liberation from the bondage of corruption into the freedom that is the glory of the children of God”  (Rom 8, 21). Thus, God loves all that God has created and has commanded us to care for this divine creation.

The traditional and original peoples and, lately, the scientists, have warned that all forms of life on the face of the Earth are in danger. Yet, there exists no response from the political and economic world that is equal to the challenge of this historical moment.  As You, Yourself, have said, we cannot passively accept the globalization of indifference.

You have the moral and spiritual authority with all of humanity to call it to this urgent debate and even more urgently needed actions. We petition you as a means of contributing to the effectiveness of your gestures, which call us to care for and protect life under threat. You expressed these gestures on the way to Lampedusa, during the World Gathering of Youth in Brazil, in your visit with the immigrants in Italy, and in the fast against war. If You do call an Assembly to defend life in its plenitude, listen not only to the specialists, but also to the original peoples impacted by the destruction  of their environment, to those affected by, and refugees from, climate change, to the victims of hunger and thirst. Certainly, a great part of humanity will promptly heed this call.

This is what we, the undersigned, also wish. With respect and a fraternal embrace, in the spirit of Saint Francis of Assisi, in communion with all forms of life and all of humanity, we confirm our petition.

Brasilia-DF,  September 16,  2013

Those who want to join in this letter, only need to access this site: http://www.semanasocialbrasileira.com.br,  or robertomalvezzi@oi.com.br

or,  directly in the link of  avaaz http://www.avaaz.org/po/petition/Convocacao_para_a_defesa_da_vida_na_Terra_Carta_Publica_ao_Papa_Francisco/?wjKSWdb