Categoria: Idiomas

The Dream of a Truly Worldwide Civilization

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

The present helplessness that has overtaken a great sector of humanity derives in part from our inability to dream and imagine utopias. Not just any utopia, but those that are necessary and can be converted to topias, this is, to something that can be realized, if imperfectly, given the conditions of our history. Otherwise, our common future, the future of life and civilization, are in grave danger.

We must, then, try everything, so that we do not arrive too late to the true path that can save us. That path goes through caring, sustainability, collective responsibility and the spiritual meaning of life.

I take to heart the inspiring words of Oscar Wilde, the well known Irish writer, who said about utopia: «A world map that does not include utopia is not worth being seen, because it ignores the only territory where humanity always stops, and moves at once towards a land that is better still… Progress is the realization of utopias».

To project hope-filled scenarios pertains to the field of utopia. We will offer one, by Robert Müller, who for 40 years was a top official of the UN, and was also called «citizen of the world» and «father of global education». He was a man of dreams, one of them realized when in 1980 the UN created the University of Peace in Costa Rica, the only country in the world without an army, and he was its first president.

Robert Müller imagined a new retelling of the Biblical Genesis: the birth of a truly worldwide civilization, where, as a species, together with others, the human species assumes the mission of guaranteeing the sustainability of the Earth and of caring well for her and also for the Earth’s other beings. This is what he called, «The New Genesis»:

«And God saw that all the nations of the Earth, Black and White, rich and poor, from the North and from the South, from East and West, of every creed, sent their emissaries to a big glass building on the banks of the river of the Rising Sun, on Manhattan Island, to study together, to think together, and together to care for the world and for all its nations.

And God Said: “It is good” . And that was the first day of the New Era of the Earth.

And God saw that the soldiers of peace separated the combatants of the nations at war, that their differences were resolved through negotiation and reason and not with weapons, and that the leaders of nations got together, exchanged ideas and joined their hearts, their minds, their souls and their strength for the benefit of all of humanity.

And God said: “It is good” . And that was the second day of the Planet of Peace.

And God saw that the humans loved all of Creation, the stars and the sun, the day and the night, the air and the oceans, the land and the waters, the fish and the birds, the flowers and the trees, and all their human brothers and sisters.

And God said: “It is good” . And that was the third day of the Planet of Happiness.

And God saw that humans had eradicated hunger, disease, ignorance and suffering from all over the Earth, offering to each person a decent life, conscious and happy, controlling greed, force, and the wealth of the few.

And God said: “It is good” . And that was the fourth day of the Planet of Justice.

And God saw that humans lived in harmony with their planet and at peace with everyone else: using their resources wisely, avoiding waste, limiting excess, substituting love for hate, satisfaction for greed, humility for arrogance, cooperation for division, and understanding for suspicion.

And God said: “It is good” . And that was the fifth day of the Planet of Gold.

And God saw that the nations had destroyed their weapons, their bombs, their missiles, their warships and planes, deactivating their bases and demobilizing their armies, maintaining only a peace-keeping police force, to protect the good from the bad and the sane from the mentally ill.

And God said: “It is good” . And that was the sixth day of the Planet of Reason.

And God saw that humans retook God and the human person as their Alpha and Omega, reducing institutions, beliefs, politics, governments and other human entities to their roles as simple servants of God and of the people. And God saw them adopting as the supreme law that which says: «Love the God of the Universe with all your hearth, with all your soul, with all your mind and with all your strength. You will love your beautiful and marvelous planet and will treat it with infinite care. You will love your human brothers and sisters as you love yourself. There are no commandments bigger than these».

And God said: “It is good”. And that was the seventh day of the Planet of God».

If at the gates of Dante Alighieri’s hell was written: «Leave behind all hope, you who enter here», at the door of the new civilization in the era of the Earth and of the planetary world will be written in all the tongues that exist on the face of the Earth: «Never ever abandon hope, you who enter here».

The future passes through this utopia. Its dawn is already announced.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, volar@fibertel.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Francis disrobes to cover the nakedness of the Pope

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

Historians know that Innocence III, (1198-1216), the Pope of the time of Saint Francis, took the papacy to an apogee and splendor such as never had been before nor would ever be again. A skillful politician, he turned all the kings, emperors and feudal lords, with few exceptions, into his vassals. Under his regency there were two supreme powers: the Empire and the Priesthood. Being the successor of Peter, the fisherman, meant little to him. He declared himself «representative of Christ», but not of the poor Christ, who walked the dusty paths of Palestine, a peregrine prophet, announcer of a radical utopia, the utopia of the kingdom of unconditional love towards his fellow human beings and God, a kingdom of universal justice, of boundless fraternity and of compassion without limit. His Christ was the Pantocrator, Lord of the Universe, head of the Church and of the Cosmos.

This vision favored the building of a monarchistic, powerful and rich Church, but one that was absolutely secularized, contrary to everything in the Gospel. That reality only served to provoke a contrary reaction from the people. Pauperism movements appeared, of rich lay people who acted like the poor. They preached the Gospel on their own in the popular tongue: the Gospel of poverty against the pomp of the courts, the Gospel of radical simplicity against the sophistication of the palaces, the worship of the Christ of Bethlehem and the Crucifixion against the exaltation of the all powerful Christ the King. They were the Valdense, the poor of Lyon, the followers of Francis, of Dominic and of the Seven Serfs of Mary, of Florence, noble people turned mendicants.

In spite of all the pomp, Innocence III was sensitive to Francis and his twelve ragged companions who visited him, in his palace of Rome, to ask for permission to live according to the Gospel. Moved and remorseful, the Pope granted them oral permission. It was the year 1209. Francis would never forget this generous gesture.

But history has its turns. What is true and imperative, when it reaches maturity, reveals itself with volcanic force. And it revealed itself in 1216 in Perugia, Italy, when Pope Innocence III went to one of his palaces.

Suddenly the Pope died, after 18 years of a triumphant pontificate. Soon the mournful sounds of the Gregorian chants were heard coming from the pontifical cathedral. The grave planctum super Innocentium («the cry for Innocence») was intoned.

Nothing stops death, lady of all vanities, of all pomp, of all glory and of all triumph. The casket of the Pope lay in front of the main altar covered with tinsel, jewels, gold, silver and the signs of the twin powers, the sacred and the secular. Cardinals, emperors, princes, monks and lines of the faithful followed one another in vigil. Bishop Jacques de Vitry, from Namur and later named Cardinal of Frascati, related the following.

It is midnight. All retire aggrieved. Only the flickering light of the candles project phantoms on the walls. The Pope, in another time always surrounded by the nobility, is now alone in the darkness. And unexpectedly thieves enter secretly into the cathedral. They quickly strip the corpse of all the precious clothing, all the gold, silver and pontifical symbols.

There lies a naked body, already almost in decomposition. It becomes true what Innocence III once wrote in a famous text on «the misery of the human condition». Now it reveals itself with all its crudity. in its true condition.

A poor man, dirty and miserable, had hidden himself in a dark corner of the cathedral to maintain the vigil, to pray and to spend the night close to the Pope. He took off his ragged and dirty tunic, the tunic of penance, and with that tunic he covered the shame of the reviled corpse.

Sinister is the destiny of the wealthy, grandiose the gesture of poverty. The first did not save him from looting, but the second saved him from shame.

And so concludes Cardinal Jacques de Vitry: «I entered the Church and understood, with full faith, how brief is the deceitful glory of this world».

The one whom everyone called Poverello and Fratello said nothing and thought nothing. He only acted. He disrobed to cover the nakedness of the Pope who had once sanctioned his way of living. He was Francis of Assisi, the inspiration of Pope Francis of Rome.

Free translation from the Spanish by
Servicios Koinonia, http://www.servicioskoinonia.org.
Done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Is Pope Francis inaugurating the third Millennium?

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

The first millennium of Christianity was marked by the paradigm of community. The Churches had relative autonomy regarding their own rites: Orthodox, Coptic, Ambrosian from Milan, Mozarabic, from Spain, and others. They venerated their own martyrs and confessors and had their own theologies, as seen in the flourishing Christianity of North Africa with Saint Augustine, Saint Cyprian and the lay theologian Tertullian. Those Churches recognized each other, and even though a mostly juridical vision in Rome was already appearing, the primacy of charity predominated .

The second millennium was characterized by the paradigm of the Church as a perfect and hierarchichal society: an absolutist monarchy centered in the figure of the Pope as supreme head (cephalic), endowed with unlimited powers and, most recently, with infallibility, when he makes declarations as such in matters of faith and morality. The Pontifical State was created, with an army, a financial system and legislation that included the death penalty. A body of experts of the institution was created, the Roman Curia, responsible for the world ecclesiastical administration. This centralization produced the Romanization of all of Christianity. The evangelization of Latin America, Asia and Africa was accomplished within a process of colonial conquest of the world, and meant that the Roman model was transplanted, practically annulling the embodiment of the local cultures. The strict separation between the clergy and the lay was made official. The lay had no power of decision, (in the first millennium the lay participated in the election of bishops and even of the Pope), and were turned into childlike non-entities, in law and fact.

The palatial ways of the priests, bishops, cardinals and popes were affirmed. The titles of power of the Roman emperors, starting with those of Pope and Sumo Pontiff, were transferred to the bishop of Rome. The cardinals, princes of the Church, dressed up as the high Renaissance nobility, and so it has remained until now, scandalizing more than a few Christians, who were used to seeing Jesus of Nazareth as poor, a man of the people, persecuted, tortured and executed on the cross.

All indications are that this model of Church ended with the resignation of Benedict XVI, the last Pope from this monarchical model, in the tragic context of scandals that have touched the very heart of the credibility of the Christian message.

The election of Pope Francis, who comes «from the end of the world», as he presented himself, from the periphery of Christianity, from the Great South where 60% of Roman Catholics live, will inaugurate the ecclesiastic paradigm of the Third Millennium: the Church as a vast network of Christian communities, rooted in the various cultures, some more ancient than the Western cultures, such as the Chinese, Indian and Japanese, the tribal cultures of Africa and the communities of Latin America. It is also embodied in the modern culture of the technologically advanced countries, with a faith that is also lived out in small communities. All these incarnations have something in common: the urbanization of humanity, where more than the 80% of the population live in huge conglomerates of millions and millions of persons.

In this context, it will be impossible to talk of territorial parishes, but of neighborhood communities, of the buildings, of the streets nearby. In that Christianity, the lay will be protagonists, encouraged by priests who may or may not be married, or by women priests or women bishops, bound more by spirituality than administration. The Churches will have different faces.

The Reformation will not be restricted to the Roman curia, that is in a calamitous state, but will be extended to the entire institution of the Church. Perhaps only by convoking a new Council, with representatives from all of Christendom, will the Pope have the security and the master lines of the Church of the Third Millennium. May the Spirit not fail him.

Translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, cybermelinaalfaro@bandalibre.com,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Francis of Assisi and Francis of Rome

Leonardo Boff4 Comentários

From the moment the Bishop of Rome, and thus Pope, was elected and took the name Francis. the comparison between the two Francis: the one from Assisi and the one of Rome, became inevitable. Moreover, Francis of Rome explicitly referenced Francis of Assisi. Clearly, it is not about mimicry, but about looking for points of inspiration that will inform us about the style that Francis of Rome wants to give to the direction of the universal Church.

There is an undeniable common point: the crisis of the ecclesiastic institution. Young Francis of Assisi is said to have heard a voice coming from the Crucifix of San Damiano, that told him: “Francis, repair my Church for it is in shambles”. Giotto depicted it well, showing Francis supporting the heavy Church building on his shoulders.

We are also experiencing a grave crisis, caused by the internal scandals of the ecclesiastic institution itself. A universal outcry has been heard («The voice of the people is the voice of God»): «repair the Church whose morality and credibility are in shambles». And to a Cardinal from the periphery of the world, Bergoglio, from Buenos Aires, has been trusted the mission, as Pope, of restoring the Church in the light of Francis of Assisi.

In the time of Saint Francis of Assisi, Pope Innocence III (1198-1216), who presented himself as «the representative of Christ» was triumphant. With Innocence III, the supreme degree of secularization of the ecclesiastic institution was reached, with explicit interest in «dominium mundi», dominion of the world. In fact, for a time, practically all of Europe, including Russia, was subjected to the Pope of Rome. Life was lived then with the greatest pomp and glory. In 1210, filled with doubt, Innocence III recognized Francis of Assisi’s path of poverty. The crisis at that time was theological, because the Church as a temporal and sacred empire contradicted everything Jesus of Nazareth wanted.

Francis of Assisi lived the antithesis of the imperial Church. To the Gospel of power, he offered the power of the Gospel: total relinquishment, radical poverty and extreme simplicity. He did not place himself in the clerical or monastic framework, but as a layman, he was guided by the Gospel, lived strictly, on the periphery of the cities, where the poor and the lepers lived, and in the heart of nature, living a cosmic union with all beings. He spoke to the center from the periphery, asking for conversion. Without explicitly criticizing, he began a great reform, starting from below, but without breaking with Rome. We find ourselves before a Christian genius, with a seductive humanity and fascinating tenderness and caring, who openly discovered the best of our humanity.

I think that this strategy must have impressed Francis of Rome. The Roman curia and the clerical habits of all the Church must be reformed. But there should not be a rupture that could tear apart the body of Christianity.

Another point that most certainly inspired Francis of Rome: the centrality that Francis of Assisi gave to the poor. Francis of Assisi did not organize work for the poor, but he lived with the poor and like the poor. Francis of Rome, ever since we have known him, has been reiterating that the problem of the poor will not be resolved without the participation of the poor, not by philanthropy but by social justice. Social justice diminishes the inequalities that damage Latin America, and, in general, the whole world.

The third point of inspiration is very pertinent now: how do we relate to Mother Earth and the scarcity of goods and services. In the inaugural address of his enthronement, Francis of Rome used the word caring more than 8 times. It is the ethic of caring, as I myself have strongly suggested, that will save humanity and guarantee the vitality of the ecosystems. Francis of Assisi, patron saint of ecology, will be the model for a respectful and fraternal relationship towards all beings, not above nature, but side by side with her.

Francis of Assisi maintained with Clare a relationship of great friendship and true love. He exalted women and their virtues, considering them «gentlewomen». I hope that Francis of Assisi will inspire in Francis of Rome a relationship with women, who are the majority of the Church, not only of respect, but one which gives them a leading role in the decision-making of the paths of faith and spirituality in the new millennium.

Finally, according to philosopher Max Scheler, Francis of Assisi is the Western prototype of cordial and emotional reason. This reason makes us sensitive to the passion of those who suffer and to the cries of the Earth. Francis of Rome, unlike Benedict XVI, who was the expression of intellectual reason, is a clear example of the cordial intelligence that loves the people, embraces people, kisses children, and sees the multitudes lovingly. If modern reason blends with the sensibility of the heart, it will not be difficult to care for our Common Home and for the disinherited sons and daughters, and we will nourish the most Franciscan conviction that by lovingly embracing the world, we are embracing God.

Translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, melina.alfaro@gmail.com,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.