Categoria: Ciência

O risco da destruição de nosso futuro

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                                    Leonardo Boff

Em julho de 2021 o grande pensador da complexidade Edgard Morin completou 100 anos .Observador atento ao curso do mundo,entregou-nos um livro-Réveillons-nous! – Despertai! cheio de sábias e severas advertências. Resumiu seu pensamento numa entrevista à Jules de Kiss, publicada em 26 de março de 2022 na Franceinfo e reproduzida em  português pelo IHU de 4/4/22. Leitor assíduo de seus escritos, esta entrevista inspirou o presente artigo.

Morin adverte aquilo que venho há muito tempo repetindo: devemos estar atentos, tentar ver e entender o que está ocorrendo. A grande maioria, inclusive chefes de estado, são inconscientes das graves ameaças que pesam sobre o planeta Terra, sobre a vida e o nosso futuro. Parecem sonâmbulos ou zumbis, obcecados pela ideia do crescimento econômico sempre crescente e também de segurança e de mais  construção de armas de destruição em massa.

Vivemos sob várias crises, todas elas graves: a mais imediata é a pandemia que afetou todo o planeta cujo sentido último ainda não foi identificado. Para mim, é um sinal de que a Terra viva enviou aos seus filhos e filhas:”não podem continuar com a pilhagem sistemática da comunidade de vida na qual se encontram os habitats dos vários vírus que nos últimos anos assolaram regiões do planeta”. Com o Covid-19 foi todo o planeta atingido, não outros seres vivos e domésticos. É um sinal de que não está sendo lido pela maioria da humanidade,nem pelos analistas, centrados nas vacinas e nos cuidados necessários. Quem se pergunta pelo contexto em que apareceu o vírus? Ele é consequência do assalto dos seres humanos sobre a natureza especialmente com o desmatamento de vastas regiões,destruindo a casinha onde habitam os vírus que passaram a outros animais e deles a nós.

Grave é a crise climática pois se não cuidarmos até o ano 2030 o aquecimento pode chegar a 1,5 graus Celsius ou mais, comprometendo a maioria dos organismos vivos e grande parte da humanidade. Junto a isso vem a Sobrecarga da Terra (Earth Oveshoot) que foi constatada no dia 29 de julho de 2021: o bens e serviços importantes para a vida estão se esgotando. Já agora precisamos de 1,7 Terra para atender ao tipo de consumo principalmente das classes opulentas. Arranca-se da Terra aquilo que ela já não pode mais dar.Ela reage aumentando o aquecimento,os eventos extremos,a erosão da biodiversidade e mais conflitos sociais.

O que funciona como uma espada de Dámocles é a possibilidade de uma guerra nuclear que pode destruir toda a vida e grande parte da humanidade. Morin escreve: “Penso que entramos em um novo período. Pela primeira vez na história, a humanidade corre o risco de aniquilação, talvez não total – haverá alguns sobreviventes, como em Mad Max –, mas uma espécie de “reinício” do zero em condições sanitárias sem dúvida terríveis”. A guerra na Ucrânia suscitou este fantasma, pois a Rússia como já dizia Gorbachev pode destruir toda a vida com apenas a metade de suas ogivas nucleares. Mas cheio de confiança de que a história anda não foi fechada, Morin afirma esperançoso:” Precisamos esperar o inesperado para saber como navegar na incerteza”

É de todos conhecida a erosão das ideias democráticas no mundo inteiro. Está se impondo, em muitos países, como no Brasil, um espírito autoritário e fascistoide que faz da violência física e simbólica e da mentira direta, uma forma de governar. A democracia deixou de ser um valor universal e uma forma de viver civilizadamente em comunidade. Este espírito pode provocar um tsunami de guerras regionais de grande de destruição.

Não esqueçamos a advertência do Papa Francisco na Fratelli tutti  (2020): “estamos no mesmo barco, ou nos salvamos todos ou ninguém se salva”. Somos responsáveis pelo nosso futuro e pela vida no planeta

Temos a confiança de Morin de que, como a história tem mostrado,o inesperado e o improvável podem acontecer. Já um pré-socrático nos ensinava:”se não esperarmos pelo inesperado, quando ele vier, não o perceberemos”. E assim o perderemos.

Essa é a nossa confiança e esperança: estamos no meio de crises que não precisam terminar em tragédias fatais. Mas podem ser o despertar de uma nova consciência e então, a ocasião para um salto de qualidade rumo a um tipo de convivência pacífica dentro da única Casa Comum.Esse seria o próximo passo para a humanidade? Bem haja!

Leonardo Boff é teólogo e filósofo e escreveu:Como cuidar da Casa Comum,Vozes 2017.

En medio de la irracionalidad de la guerra, hay que rescatar el sentido común

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                        Leonardo Boff*

Con la guerra en Ucrania, llevada a cabo por Rusia, con el peligro de una hecatombe nuclear que comprometería la biosfera y la vida humana, y el predominio del egoísmo a nivel internacional en el enfrentamiento  contra la Covid-19, y la ascensión del nazifascismo con su ola de odio y de violencia, y el pensamiento reaccionario y ultraconservador en varias partes del mundo, se está revelando la irracionalidad de la razón moderna.

Si perdemos la razón perdemos los criterios que orientan nuestras prácticas y los seres humanos demuestran comportamientos enloquecidos.

En momentos así, tenemos que recurrir a lo que es más fundamental en la vida humana: el sentido común crítico. El sentido común, crítico y no ingenuo, ha sido siempre el gran orientador anticipado de nuestras prácticas para que mantengan su nivel humano y mínimamente ético.

¿Qué es el buen sentido? Decimos que alguien tiene buen sentido cuando tiene la palabra correcta para cada situación, el comportamiento adecuado y cuando atina con el núcleo de la cuestión. El sentido común está ligado a la sabiduría concreta de la vida. Es distinguir lo esencial de lo secundario. Es la capacidad de ver y de poner las cosas en el sitio que les corresponde.

El buen sentido es lo opuesto a la exageración. Por eso, el loco y el genio, que en muchos puntos se aproximan, aquí se distinguen sustancialmente. El genio es aquel que radicaliza el sentido común. El loco, radicaliza lo exagerado.

Para concretar el sentido común, tomemos dos ejemplos de figuras arquetípicas: el más próximo, el Papa Francisco, y el más originario, Jesús de Nazaret.

El eje estructurador de la retórica del Papa Francisco no son las doctrinas ni los dogmas de la Iglesia Católica. No es que las aprecie menos, sabe que son  elaboraciones teológicas creadas históricamente. Pero ellas han provocado conflictos y guerras de religión, cismas, excomuniones, teólogos y mujeres (como Juana de Arco y otras tenidas por “brujas”) quemados en la hoguera de la Inquisición. Esto ha sido así durante siglos, y el autor de estas líneas tuvo una amarga experiencia personal en el cubículo donde se interrogaba a los acusados en el severo y oscuro edificio de la ex-Inquisición, a la izquierda de la basílica de San Pedro según se la mira de frente.

El Papa Francisco revolucionó el pensamiento de la Iglesia remitiéndose a la práctica de enorme buen sentido del Jesús histórico. Él rescató lo que hoy se llama “la Tradición de Jesús” que es anterior a los  evangelios  que tenemos, escritos 30-40 años después de su ejecución en la cruz.

La Tradición de Jesús o también el camino de Jesús, como se llama en los Hechos de los Apóstoles, se funda más en valores e ideales que en doctrinas. Para el Papa son esenciales el amor incondicional, la misericordia, el perdón, la justicia  para con los oprimidos, la centralidad de los pobres y marginados, la total apertura a Dios-Abbá (Papá querido). Estos son los valores axiales que orientan sus intervenciones, y los revela concretamente en sus gestos de bondad, de cuidado, particularmente hacia los emigrados de Oriente Medio, de África, y  ahora de Ucrania, así como con las víctimas de los pedófilos, algunos de la misma Iglesia.

Volvámonos a Jesús de Nazaret. Él no pretendió fundar una nueva religión. Él quería enseñarnos a vivir. A vivir con fraternidad, solidaridad y cuidado de unos a otros y total  apertura a Dios-Abbá. Estos son los contenidos de su mensaje: el Reino de Dios y la misericordia ilimitada de su Dios de infinita bondad.

Como nos dan testimonio los evangelios, demostró ser un genio del buen sentido. Un frescor sin analogías atraviesa todo lo que dice y hace. Dios en su bondad, el ser humano con su fragilidad, la sociedad con sus contradicciones y la naturaleza con su esplendor aparecen en una inmediatez cristalina. No hace teología. No apela a principios morales  superiores. Ni se pierde en una casuística tediosa y sin corazón como lo hacían y hacen los fariseos de ayer y de hoy. Sus palabras y actitudes muerden de lleno en lo concreto donde la realidad sangra y él, ante los que sufren, los consuela, los cura y hasta los resucita.

Sus amonestaciones son incisivas y directas: “reconcíliate con tu hermano”(Mt 5,24). “No juréis de ninguna manera”(Mt 5, 34). “No resistáis a los malos”(Mt 5,39), “amad a vuestros enemigos y orad por los que os persiguen”(Mt 5,44). “Cuando des limosna, que no sepa tu mano izquierda lo que hace tu derecha”(Mt 6, 3).

Este buen sentido le ha faltado, no pocas veces, a la Iglesia institucional (papas, obispos y curas), especialmente en cuestiones morales ligadas a la sexualidad y a la familia. Aquí se ha mostrado severa e implacable. Sacrifica a las personas en su dolor a los principios abstractos. Se rige antes por el poder que por la misericordia. Y los santos y sabios nos advierten: donde impera el poder, se desvanece el amor y desaparece la misericordia.

¡Qué distinto es con Jesús y con el  Papa Francisco! La cualidad principal de Dios, nos dice el Maestro y lo repite continuamente el Papa, es la misericordia. Jesús es contundente: “Sed misericordiosos como vuestro Padre celestial es misericordioso” (Lc 6, 36).

El Papa Francisco explica el sentido etimológico de la  misericordia: miseris cor dare: “dar el corazón  a los míseros”, a los que padecen. En el Angelus del 6 de abril de 2014 dijo con voz alterada: “Escuchad bien: no existe ningún límite para la misericordia divina ofrecida a todos”. Pide que la multitud repita con él: “No existe ningún límite para la misericordia divina ofrecida a todos”.

Parece teólogo cuando recuerda la idea de Santo Tomás de Aquino sobre la práctica de la misericordia: es la mayor de las virtudes “porque es propio de ella derramarse hacia los demás y, mas aún, ayudarlos en sus debilidades”.

Lleno de misericordia ante los peligros de la epidemia de zica, abre espacio al uso de anticonceptivos. Se trata de salvar vidas: “evitar el embarazo no es un mal absoluto”, dijo en su visita a México. Durante la pandemia de Covid-19 ha hecho continuos  llamamientos a la solidaridad y al cuidado, especialmente de los niños y los ancianos. Sus llamamientos a la paz en el conflicto bélico de Rusia contra Ucrania han sido fuertes. Llegó a decir: “Señor detén el brazo de Caín. Y una vez detenido, cuida de  él, pues es nuestro hermano”.

A los nuevos cardenales les dijo con todas las palabras: “La Iglesia no condena para siempre. El castigo es para este tiempo”. Dios es un misterio de inclusión y de comunión, nunca de exclusión. La misericordia triunfa siempre. No puede perder a un hijo o a una hija que ha creado con amor (cf. Sab 11,21-24).

Lógicamente, en el Reino de la Trinidad no se entra de cualquier manera. Se pasará por la clínica purificadora de Dios hasta que las personas salgan purificadas.

Tal mensaje es verdaderamente liberador. El confirma su exhortación apostólica “La alegría del Evangelio”. Dicha alegría se ofrece a todos, también a los no cristianos, porque es un camino de humanización y de liberación.

Es el triunfo del sentido común que tanto nos falta en este momento dramático de nuestra historia, cuyo destino está en nuestras manos. El Papa Francisco y Jesús de Nazaret aparecen como inspiradores de buen sentido, de misericordia y de una humanidad radical. Estas son las actitudes que podrán salvarnos.

*Leonardo Boff es teólogo y ha escrito Habitar la Terra: ¿Cuál es el camino para la fraternidad universal? Vozes 2021; Nostalgia de Dios: la fuerza de los humildes, Vozes 2020.

Traducción de María José Gavito Milano

Der Irrsinn der Reiter der Apokalypse: Russland und USA

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Das Buch der Offenbarung, das die letzten Auseinandersetzungen unserer Geschichte zwischen den Mächten des Todes und denen des Lebens schildert, malt uns ein feuriges Pferd, das den Krieg symbolisiert: “Der Reiter wurde gegeben, um den Frieden auf der Erde zu vertreiben, damit die Menschen sich gegenseitig enthaupten” (6,4). Der Krieg zwischen Russland und der Ukraine und der Befehl des russischen Präsidenten, die Atomwaffen in höchster Alarmbereitschaft zu halten, provozieren uns zu der Aktion des Feuerpferdes, der Enthauptung der Menschheit, besser gesagt, einem menschlichen Armageddon.

Die von der NATO und den USA gegen die Russische Föderation verhängten strengen Sanktionen können zum Zusammenbruch der gesamten russischen Wirtschaft führen. Angesichts dieser nationalen Katastrophe besteht die Möglichkeit, dass der russische Führer die Niederlage nicht akzeptiert, als ob Napoleon (1812) oder Hitler (1942) das Land eingenommen hätten, was ihnen nicht gelungen ist. Dann würde er die Drohungen wahr machen und einen Atomschlag ausführen. Allein Russlands Arsenal ist in der Lage, mehrmals alles Leben auf dem Planeten vernichten. Und ein Schlag kann die gesamte Biosphäre schädigen, ohne die unser Leben nicht überleben könnte.

Hinter der Konfrontation zwischen Russland und der Ukraine verbergen sich mächtige Kräfte, die um die Vorherrschaft in der Welt kämpfen: Russland, verbündet mit China, und den USA. Die Strategie der letzteren ist mehr oder weniger bekannt und wird von zwei Hauptideen geleitet: “Eine Welt und ein Imperium” (die USA), garantiert durch die Dominanz des gesamten Spektrums: Dominanz in allen Bereichen mit 800 über die ganze Welt verteilten Militärbasen, aber auch wirtschaftliche, ideologische und kulturelle Dominanz.

Eine solche vollständige Beherrschung würde den Anspruch der USA untermauern, “außergewöhnlich” zu sein, “die unverzichtbare und notwendige Nation”, der “Anker der globalen Sicherheit” oder die “einzige wirkliche Weltmacht” zu sein. In diesem imperialen Willen hat sich die NATO, hinter der die USA stehen, bis an die Grenzen Russlands ausgedehnt. Alles, was noch fehlte, war die Einbindung der Ukraine, um die Belagerung zu vervollständigen. An der ukrainischen Grenze platzierte Raketen würden Moskau innerhalb weniger Minuten erreichen.

Daher die Forderung Russlands, die Ukraine müsse neutral bleiben, da sie sonst überfallen werden würde. Genau das ist geschehen incl. der Perversitäten, die jeder Krieg hervorbringt. Kein Krieg ist zu rechtfertigen, da er Menschenleben tötet und dem Sinn der Dinge zuwiderläuft, der in der Tendenz besteht, im Dasein zu verharren.

China wiederum bestreitet die Weltherrschaft nicht mit militärischen Mitteln, auch nicht im Bündnis mit Russland, sondern mit wirtschaftlichen Mitteln durch seine Großprojekte wie die Seidenstraße. Auf diesem Gebiet übertrifft es die USA und würde die Weltherrschaft sogar mit einem bestimmten ethischen Ideal erreichen, nämlich der Schaffung einer “Schicksalsgemeinschaft der gesamten Menschheit, deren Gesellschaften ausreichend versorgt sind“.

Aber ich möchte diese kriegerische Perspektive, die wirklich verrückt bis selbstmörderisch ist, nicht ausdehnen. Doch diese Konfrontation der Mächte offenbart die Unkenntnis der Akteure auf der Leinwand über die realen Risiken für den Planeten, die auch ohne Atomwaffen das menschliche Leben gefährden könnten. Es muss gesagt werden, dass sich alle Arsenale von Massenvernichtungswaffen angesichts eines winzigen Virus wie Covid-19 als völlig nutzlos und lächerlich erwiesen haben.

Dieser Krieg zeigt, dass die Verantwortlichen für das Schicksal der Menschheit die grundlegende Lektion von Covid-19 nicht gelernt haben. Die Epidemie hat die nationalen Souveränitäten und Grenzen nicht respektiert, sie hat den gesamten Planeten erfasst. Die Epidemie erfordert angesichts eines globalen Problems die Einrichtung einer globalen Kontrolle. Die Herausforderung geht über die nationalen Grenzen hinaus, sie besteht darin, ein gemeinsames Haus zu bauen.

Sie haben nicht erkannt, dass das große Problem in der globalen Erwärmung besteht. Wir sind bereits mittendrin, denn die fatalen Ereignisse wie Überschwemmungen ganzer Regionen, Taifune und Trinkwasserknappheit sind sichtbar. Wir haben nur 9 Jahre Zeit, um eine Situation zu vermeiden, in der es kein Zurück mehr gibt. Wenn wir bis 2030 eine Erwärmung von 1,5 Grad Celsius erreichen, werden wir nicht mehr in der Lage sein, sie zu kontrollieren und auf einen Zusammenbruch des Erdsystems und der Lebenssysteme zusteuern.

Wir haben die Grenzen der Nachhaltigkeit der Erde erreicht. Earth Overshoot-Daten zeigen, dass bis zum 22. September 2020 die nicht erneuerbaren Ressourcen, die für das Leben notwendig sind, erschöpft sein werden. Der anhaltende Konsumismus verlangt von der Erde mehr, als sie zu geben in der Lage ist. Als Antwort darauf schickt sie uns tödliche Viren, verstärkt die Erwärmung, destabilisiert das Klima und dezimiert Tausende von Lebewesen.

Überbevölkerung in Verbindung mit einer katastrophalen sozialen Ungleichheit, bei der die große Mehrheit der Menschheit in Armut und Elend lebt, während 1 % von ihnen 90 % des Reichtums und der lebenswichtigen Güter und Dienstleistungen kontrolliert, kann zu Konflikten mit unzähligen Opfern und zur Zerstörung ganzer Ökosysteme führen.

Dies sind unter anderem die Probleme, die die Staatsoberhäupter, die Vorstandsvorsitzenden der großen Unternehmen und die Bürger und Bürgerinnen beschäftigen sollten, weil sie die Zukunft der gesamten Menschheit unmittelbar gefährden. Angesichts dieses globalen Risikos ist ein Krieg um Einflusszonen und überholte Souveränitäten geradezu lächerlich.

Was uns Hoffnung gibt, sind die anonymen “Noahs”, die überall von unten her aufkeimen und ihre rettenden Archen durch eine Produktion errichten, die die Grenzen der Natur respektiert, durch Agrarökologie, durch solidarische Gemeinschaften, durch partizipative sozio-ökologische Demokratien, die von ihrem eigenen Territorium aus arbeiten. Sie haben die Kraft der Saat des Neuen, und mit einem neuen Geist (die Erde als Gaia) und einem neuen Herzen (ein Band der Zuneigung und der Sorge für die Natur) garantieren sie eine neue Zukunft im Bewusstsein der universellen Verantwortung und der globalen Interdependenz. Sie kämpfen gegen den Hunger und gegen die Produktion des Todes, sie kämpfen für Gerechtigkeit für alle, für die Förderung des Lebens und für die Verteidigung der Schwächsten und Bedürftigsten.

Sie sind nicht allein. Es gibt mächtige Kräfte mit einer anderen Vision von notwendiger Entwicklung, die sich nicht der kapitalistischen Logik unterwerfen, sondern im Einklang mit der Natur produzieren und Träger der Hoffnung auf eine andere notwendige Welt sind.

Das ist es, was sein muss. Und das, was sein soll, hat eine unbesiegbare Kraft in sich.

Leonardo Boff Theologe und Schrifsteller.

Merciless attacks against Pope Francis, “righteous among the nations”

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                                  Leonardo Boff*

Since the beginning of his pontificate nine years ago, Pope Francis has been receiving furious attacks from traditionalist Christians and white supremacists almost all from the North of the world, the United States and Europe. They even made a plot, involving millions of dollars, to depose him, as if the Church were a company and the Pope its CEO. All in vain. He continues on his way in the spirit of the evangelical beatitudes of the persecuted.

The reasons for this persecution are various: geopolitical reasons, power disputes, another vision of the Church and the care of the Common Home.

I raise my voice in defense of Pope Francis from the periphery of the world, from the Great South. Let us compare the numbers: only 21.5% of Catholics live in Europe, 82% live outside it, 48% in America. We are, therefore, the vast majority. Until the middle of the last century the Catholic Church was a first world Church. Now it is a third and fourth world Church, which, one day, originated in the first world. A geopolitical question arises here. European conservatives, with the exception of notable Catholic organizations of solidarity cooperation, nurture a sovereign disdain for the South, especially for Latin America.

The Church as a great institution was an ally of colonization, an accomplice of indigenous genocide and a participant in slavery. A colonial Church was implanted here, a mirror of the European Church. But for more than 500 years, despite the persistence of the mirror Church, there has been an ecclesiogenesis, the genesis of another way of being church, a church, no longer mirror but source:

 it was incarnated in the local indigenous-black-mestizo and immigrant culture of peoples from 60 different countries. From this amalgam, its style of worshipping God and celebrating, of organizing its social pastoral care alongside the oppressed struggling for their liberation, was born. It projected a theology appropriate to its liberating and popular practice. It has its prophets, confessors, theologians, saints, and many martyrs, among them the Archbishop of San Salvador, Oscar Arnulfo Romero.

This type of Church is fundamentally composed of basic ecclesial communities, where the dimension of communion of equals is lived, all brothers and sisters, with their lay coordinators, men and women, with priests inserted among the people and bishops, never with their backs to the people as ecclesiastical authorities, but as shepherds at their side, with the “smell of sheep”, with the mission of being the “defenders et advocati pauperum” as it was said in the primitive Church. Popes and doctrinal authorities of the Vatican tried to curtail and even condemn such a way of being Church, not infrequently with the argument that they are not Church because they do not see in them the hierarchical character and the Roman style.

This threat lasted for many years until, finally, the figure of Pope Francis burst in. He came from the soup of this new ecclesial culture, well expressed by the non-exclusive preferential option for the poor and by the various strands of liberation theology that accompany it. He gave legitimacy to this way of living the Christian faith, especially in situations of great oppression.

But what is most scandalizing to traditionalist Christians is his style of exercising the ministry of unity in the Church. He no longer presents himself as the classic pontiff, dressed in pagan symbols borrowed from the Roman emperors, especially the famous “mozzeta”, that little banking cap full of symbols of the absolute power of the emperor and the pope. Francis quickly got rid of it and wore a simple white “mozzeta”, like that of the great prophet of Brazil, dom Helder Câmara, and his iron cross without any jewels.

 He refused to live in a pontifical palace, which would have made St. Francis rise from the grave to take him where he chose: in a simple guest house, Santa Marta. There he enters the line to be served and eats together with everyone else. With humor we can say that this way it is more difficult to poison him. He does not wear Prada, but his old and worn-out shoes. In the pontifical yearbook in which a whole page is used with the honorific titles of the Popes, he simply renounced them all and wrote only Franciscus, pontifex.

In one of his first pronouncements he clearly stated that he was not going to preside over the Church with canon law but with love and tenderness. Countless times he repeated that he wanted a poor Church and a Church of the poor.

The whole great problem of the Church-great-institution lies, since the emperors Constantine and Theodosius, in the assumption of political power, transformed into sacred power (sacra potestas). This process reached its culmination with Pope Gregory VII (1075) with his bull Dictatus Papae, which well translated is the “Dictatorship of the Pope“. As the great ecclesiologist Jean-Yves Congar says,, this Pope consolidated the most decisive change in the Church that created so many problems and from which it has never been freed: the centralized, authoritarian and even despotic exercise of power. In the 27 propositions of the Bull, the Pope is considered the absolute lord of the Church, the sole and supreme lord of the world, becoming the supreme authority in the spiritual and temporal realms. This has never been denied.

It is enough to read Canon 331 in which it is said that “the Pastor of the universal Church has ordinary, supreme, full, immediate and universal power”. This is unheard of: if we cross out the term Pastor of the universal Church and put in God, it works perfectly. Who among humans, if not God, can attribute to himself such a concentration of power? It is significant that in the history of the Popes there has been a crescendo in the pharaohism of power: from successor of Peter, the Popes came to consider themselves representatives of Christ. And as if that were not enough, representatives of God, being even called deus minor in terra.

Here the Greek hybris is realized and what Thomas Hobbes states in his Leviathan: “I point out, as a general tendency of all men, a perpetual and restless desire for power and more power, which only ceases with death. The reason for this lies in the fact that power cannot be secured except by seeking still more power.” This, then, has been the trajectory of the Catholic Church in relation to power, which persists to this day, a source of polemics with the other Christian Churches and of extreme difficulty in assuming the humanistic values of modernity.

It is light years away from the vision of Jesus who wanted a power-service (hierodulia) and not a power-hierarchy (hierarchy).

Pope Francis is moving away from all this, which causes indignation to conservatives and reactionaries, clearly expressed in the book of 45 authors of October 2021: From Benedict’s Peace to Francis’s War organized by Peter A. Kwasniewski. We would turn it around like this: From Benedict’s Peace of Pedophiles (covered up by him) to Francis’ War on Pedophiles (condemned by him). It is known that a Munich court found evidence to incriminate Pope Benedict XVI for his leniency with pedophile priests.

There is a problem of ecclesiastical geopolitics: the traditionalists reject a Pope who comes “from the end of the world”, who brings to the center of power of the Vatican another style, closer to the grotto of Bethlehem than to the palaces of the emperors. If Jesus appeared to the Pope on his walk through the Vatican gardens, he would surely say to him: “Peter, on these palatial stones I would never build my Church”. This contradiction is lived by Pope Francis, because he renounced the palatial and imperial style.

There is, in fact, a clash of religious geopolitics, between the Center, which has lost hegemony in number and influence but retains the habits of authoritarian exercise of power, and the Periphery, with a numerical majority of Catholics, with new churches, with new styles of living the faith and in permanent dialogue with the world, especially with the condemned of the Earth, which always has a word to say about the wounds that bleed in the body of the Crucified One, present in the impoverished and oppressed.

Perhaps what most bothers Christians anchored in the past is the Pope’s vision of the Church. Not a castle Church, closed in on herself, in her values and doctrines, but a “field hospital” Church always “going out to the existential peripheries”. She welcomes everyone without asking about their creed or their moral situation. It is enough that they are human beings in search of meaning in life and suffering from the adversities of this globalized, unjust, cruel and merciless world. He directly condemns the system that gives centrality to money at the cost of human lives and at the cost of nature.

He has held several world meetings with popular movements. In the last one, the fourth, he explicitly said: “This system (capitalist), with its implacable logic, escapes human domination; it is necessary to work for more justice and to cancel this system of death”. In Fratelli tutti he condemns it forcefully.

He is guided by what is one of the great contributions of Latin American theology: the centrality of the historical Jesus, poor, full of tenderness for those who suffer, always at the side of the poor and marginalized. The Pope respects dogmas and doctrines, but it is not through them that he reaches the hearts of the people.

For him, Jesus came to teach how to live: total trust in God-Abba, to live unconditional love, solidarity, compassion for the fallen on the roads, care for the Created, goods that constitute the content of the central message of Jesus: the Kingdom of God. He tirelessly preaches the boundless mercy by which God saves his children and the Kingdom of God. He tirelessly preaches the boundless mercy by which God saves his sons and daughters, for he cannot lose any of them, the fruits of his love, “for he is the passionate lover of life” (Wis 11:26).

That is why he affirms that “no matter how much someone is wounded by evil, he is never condemned on this earth to remain forever separated from God”. In other words: condemnation is only for this time.

He calls on all pastors to exercise the pastoral care of tenderness and unconditional love, as summarized by a popular leader of a grassroots community: “the soul has no border, no life is foreign”. Like few others in the world, he has committed himself to the migrants coming from Africa and the Middle East and now from Ukraine. He regrets that we moderns have lost the ability to cry, to feel the pain of others and, as a Good Samaritan, to help them in their abandonment.

His most important work shows concern for the future of Mother Earth’s life. Laudato Sì expresses its true meaning in its subtitle: “On Care for the Common Home”. It elaborates not a green ecology, but an integral ecology that embraces the environment, society, politics, culture, daily life and the world of the spirit. It assumes the most reliable contributions of the Earth and life sciences, especially quantum physics and the new cosmology, the fact that “everything is related to everything and unites us with affection to Brother Sun, Sister Moon, Brother River and Mother Earth” as it poetically says in Laudato Sì.

The category of care and collective co-responsibility acquire complete centrality to the point of saying in Fratelli tutti that “we are in the same boat: either we all save ourselves or no one is saved”.

We Latin Americans are deeply grateful to him for having convoked the Dear Amazon Synod to defend this immense biome of interest for the whole Earth and how the Church is incarnated in that vast region that covers nine countries.

Great names in world ecology affirmed: with this contribution Pope Francis puts himself at the forefront of the contemporary ecological discussion.

Almost in despair, but still full of hope, he proposes a way of salvation: universal fraternity and social love as the structuring axes of a biosociety in function of which politics, economy and all human efforts are based. We do not have much time nor enough accumulated wisdom, but this is the dream and the real alternative to avoid a path of no return.

The Pope walking alone through St. Peter’s Square in the pouring rain, in times of pandemic, will remain an indelible image and a symbol of his mission as a Pastor who cares and prays for the destiny of humanity.

Perhaps one of the final phrases of Laudato Sì reveals all his optimism and hope against all hope: “Let us walk singing. May our struggles and our concern for this planet not rob us of the joy of hope.”

They must be enemies of their own humanity who mercilessly condemn the very humanitarian attitudes of Pope Francis, in the name of a sterile Christianity, turned into a fossil of the past, a vessel of dead waters. The fierce attacks on him can be anything but Christian and evangelical.

They, especially the cardinals and bishops who participated in the aforementioned book, are schismatic and in the ancient sense, heretical, for lacerating the fabric of the ecclesial community. Pope Francis bears it imbued with the humility of St. Francis of Assisi and the values of the historical Jesus. For this reason he well deserves the title of “righteous among the nations”.

*Leonardo Boff is a Brazilian theologian and has written Francis of Assisi and Francis of Rome, Rio de Janeiro 2015.