Categoria: Ecologia

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Maximización versus Optimización

Leonardo Boff3 Comentários

Hay una ética subyacente tras la cultura productivista y consumista, hoy ampliamente en crisis por causa de la huella ecológica del planeta Tierra, cuyos límites hemos sobrepasado en un 30%. La superabundancia de bienes y servicios como hasta hace poco tenía la Tierra necesita de un año y medio para reponer lo que le extraemos durante un año. Y no parece que la furia consumista esté disminuyendo. Al contrario, el sistema vigente, para salvarse, incentiva más y más el consumo que, a su vez, requiere más y más producción que acaba estresando todavía más todos los ecosistemas y al planeta como un todo.

La ética que preside este modo de vivir es la de la maximización de todo lo que hacemos: maximizar la construcción de fábricas, de carreteras, de coches, de combustibles, de ordenadores, de teléfonos móviles; maximizar programas de entretenimiento, novelas, cursos, reciclajes, producción intelectual y científica. La producción no puede parar, de lo contrario ocurriría un colapso en el consumo y en el empleo. En el fondo es siempre más de lo mismo y sin el sentido de los límites soportables por la naturaleza.

Imitando a Nietzsche preguntamos: ¿cuánta maximización aguanta el estómago físico y espiritual humano? Se llega a un punto de saturación cuyo efecto directo es el vacío existencial. Se descubre que la felicidad humana no está en maximizar, ni en engordar la cuenta bancaria, ni en el número de bienes en la cesta de los productos consumibles. El hecho es que el ser humano tiene otras hambres: de comunicación, de solidaridad, de amor, de trascendencia, entre otras. Éstas, por su naturaleza, son insaciables, pues pueden crecer y diversificarse indefinidamente. En ellas se esconde el secreto de la felicidad. Pero en palabras del filósofo Ludwig Wittgenstein citando a San Agustín: «hemos tenido que construir caminos tormentosos por los cuales hemos sido obligados a transitar con multiplicados cansancios y sufrimientos impuestos a los hijos e hijas de Adán y Eva».

Lógicamente necesitamos cierta cantidad de alimentos para mantener la vida. Pero los alimentos excesivos, maximizados, causan obesidad y enfermedades. Los países ricos maximizaron de tal manera la oferta de medios de vida y la infraestructura material que destruyeron sus bosques (Europa sólo conserva el 0.1% de sus bosques originales), destruyeron ecosistemas y gran parte de la biodiversidad además de gestar perversas desigualdades entre ricos y pobres.

Debemos caminar en dirección a una ética diferente, la de la optimización. Ella se funda en una concepción sistémica de la naturaleza y de la vida. Todos los sistemas vivos procuran optimizar las relaciones que sostienen la vida. El sistema busca un equilibrio dinámico, aprovechando todos los ingredientes de la naturaleza, sin producir residuos, optimizando la calidad e incluyendo a todos. En la esfera humana, esta optimización presupone el sentido de autolimitación y la búsqueda de la justa medida. La base material sobria y decente posibilita el desarrollo de algunos materiales que son los bienes del espíritu, como la solidaridad hacia los más vulnerables, la compasión, el amor que deshace los mecanismos de agresividad, supera los preceptos y no permite que las diferencias sean tratadas como desigualdades.

Tal vez la crisis actual del capital material, siempre limitado, nos enseñe a vivir a partir del capital humano y espiritual, siempre ilimitado y abierto nuevas expresiones. Él nos posibilita tener experiencias espirituales de celebración del misterio de la existencia y de gratitud por nuestro lugar en el conjunto de los seres. Con esto maximizamos nuestras potencialidades latentes, aquellas que guardan el secreto de la plenitud, tan ansiada.

Leonardo Boff es autor de Tiempo de Transcendencia: el ser humano como proyecto infinito, Sal Terrae 22005

Maximization versus Optimization

Leonardo BoffDeixe um comentário

There is an underlying ethic behind the producer/consumer culture, which is now in crisis due to the ecological state of planet Earth, whose limits we have exceeded by 30%. It now takes one and a half years to replenish what we extract in a year from the superabundant goods and services that the Earth had until recently. And it does not appear that the consumerist fury is slowing. To the contrary, the current system, trying to save itself, encourages ever greater consumption, that simultaneously requires ever greater production, which ends up stressing even more all the ecosystems and the planet as a whole.

The ethic presiding over this form of living is that of maximization of everything we do: maximizing the building of factories, of highways, of cars, fuel, computers, mobile telephones, maximizing entertainment programs, novels, courses, recycling, intellectual and scientific production. Production cannot stop, if it did, consumption and employment would collapse. In the end, it always is more of the same, with no awareness of nature’s limits of endurance.

Imitating Nietzsche we ask: how much maximization can the physical and spiritual human stomach tolerate? A point of saturation is reached, the direct effect of which is an existential vacuum. It can be seen that human happiness lies not in maximizing, in fattening bank accounts, or in the smount of goods in the basket of consumer goods. The fact is that the human being hungers for other things: for communication, solidarity, love, and transcendency, among others. These hungers, by their nature, are insatiable, because they can grow and diversify indefinitely. The secret of happiness is hidden in them. But in the words of the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein, quoting Saint Augustine: «we have had to build tortuous paths through which we have been forced to walk with a multitude of hardships and sufferings imposed on the sons and daughters of Adam and Eve».

Logically, we need certain amount of food to maintain life. But excessive, maximized, food causes obesity and disease. The rich countries have maximized the means of life and material infrastructure in such a way that they have destroyed their forests, (Europe only has now 0.1% of her original forests). They have destroyed their ecosystems and a great part of their bio-diversity, in addition to creating perverse inequalities between rich and poor.

We must seek a different ethic, the ethic of optimization. That ethic is founded on a systemic understanding of nature and of life. All living systems try to optimize the relationships that sustain life. Such a system seeks a dynamic equilibrium, making good use of all the ingredients of nature, without producing residues, optimizing quality and including all. In the human sphere, this optimization presupposes a sense of self-limitation, and the search for the just measure. A sober and decent material base makes it possible to develop some materials that are spiritual goods, such as solidarity with the more vulnerable, compassion, a love that undoes the mechanisms of aggression, overcomes prejudices and does not allow differences to be treated as inequalities.

Perhaps the present crisis of material capital, which is always limited, will teach us to start living from the human and spiritual capital, always unlimited and open to new expressions. It will enable us to have spiritual experiences, celebrating the mystery of existence, and gratitude for our place in the gathering of beings. With this we can maximize our latent potential, that which guards the secret of the much sought after plenitude.

Erosion of the “Relational Matrix”

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

Many people in the world today, from very different backgrounds, are concerned by the present crisis, which includes a number of other crises. Each one sheds some light, and all that light is creative. But, as for myself, coming from a background in philosophy and theology, I feel the need for a reflection that goes deeper, to the roots, where the crisis that is now exploding with such virulence developed slowly. In contrast to previous crises, the present one has a singular characteristic: in it, the future of life and the continuity of our civilization are at stake. Our practices contravene the evolutionary course of the Earth. The Earth has created a friendly place for us to live, but we are not being very friendly to the Earth. We wage a never ending war against her, on all fronts, with no possibility of winning. The Earth can continue without us. We, however, need the Earth.

I think the closest roots, (we will not go back to the homo faber of 2 million years ago), are found in the paradigm of modernity that dissected reality, and transformed it into a scientific object and field of technological intervention. Until then, humanity generally understood itself as part of a living cosmos, full of meaning. They considered themselves to be the sons and daughters of Mother Earth. Now, Mother Earth has been demoted to a warehouse of resources. Things and human beings are disconnected from each other, each following its own course. This has produced a mechanical and atomistic conception of reality that is eroding the continuity of our development, and the integrity of our collective psyche.

The secularization of all the spheres of life took from us the sense of belonging to a larger Whole. We are ill-adjusted and submerged in a profound loneliness. The opposite of a spiritual vision of the world is not materialism or atheism, it is an uprootedness, and a feeling that we are alone and lost in the universe, something that is not present in a spiritual vision of the world.

These issues underlie the present crisis. To resolve it, we need to again be enchanted by the world, and recognize that the Relational Matrix, that involves us all, is eroding. We must understand the meaning of the future of humanity within a universe still in evolution/creation. The new sciences after Einstein, Heisenberg/Bohr, Prigogine and Hawking have shown us that everything is interconnected in such a way that it forms a Whole.

Atoms and elemental particles are no longer considered inert and lifeless. The microcosms emerge as a highly interactive world, one that cannot be described by human language, but only through mathematics. They form a complex unit in which each particle has been linked to all others, since the beginnings of the cosmic adventure some 13.7 billion years ago. Matter and mind mysteriously appeared, intertwined, and it is difficult to know whether mind came from matter, or matter came from mind; or if both appeared jointly. The Earth herself is alive (Gaia), containing all the elements to ensure ideal conditions for life. More than competitively, the Earth functions through cooperation of all with all. She shows an impulse towards complexity, diversity, and the appearance of consciousness at ever more complex levels, until her current expression through the networks of global connections within a process of growing globalization.

This cosmovision nourishes in us the hope that another world is possible, starting from a cosmos in evolution that, through us, feels, thinks, creates, loves and seeks a permanent equilibrium. The fundamental ideas, such as interdependency, community of life, reciprocity, complementarity and co-responsibility are keys of learning and nourish in us a more harmonious vision of things.

This cosmology is what is missing now. It has the ability to give us a coherent vision of the universe, of the Earth and of our place in the gathering of all beings, as guardians and protectors of all that is created. This cosmovision will prevent our falling into an abyss, with no return. In past crises, the Earth always came to our rescue, saving us. And it will not be different now. Together, we and the Earth, in synergy, will be able to triumph.

Maximização versus Otimização

Leonardo Boff9 Comentários

Há uma ética subjacente à cultura produtivista e consumista, hoje vastamente em crise por causa da pegada ecológica do planeta Terra, cujos limites foram ultrapassados em 30%. Nunca mais vamos ter a abundância de bens e serviços como até há pouco tempo dispúnhamos. A Terra precisa de um ano e meio para repor o que lhe extraímos durante um ano. E não parece que a fúria consumista esteja diminuindo. Pelo contrário, o sistema vigente para salvar-se, incentiva mais e mais o consumo que, por sua vez, requer mais e mais produção que acaba estressando ainda mais todos os ecossistemas e o planeta como um todo.

A ética que preside a este modo de viver é a da maximização de tudo o que fazemos: maximizar a construção de fábricas, de estradas, de carros, de combustíveis, de computadores, de celulares; maximizar programas de entretenimento, novelas, cursos, reciclagens, produção intelectual e científica. A roda da produção não pode parar, caso contrário ocorre um colapso no consumo e nos empregos. No fundo, é sempre mais do mesmo e sem o sentido dos limites suportáveis pela natureza.

Imitando Nietzsche perguntamos: quanto de maximização aguenta o estômago físico e espiritual humano? Chega-se a um ponto de saturação e o efeito direto é o vazio existencial. Descobre-se que a felicidade humana não está em maximizar, nem engordar a conta bancária, nem o número dos bens na cesta de produtos consumíveis. O fato é que o ser humano possui outras fomes: de comunicação, de solidariedade, de amor, de transcendência, entre outras. Estas, por sua natureza, são insaciáveis, pois podem crescer e se diversificar indefinidamente. Nelas se esconde o segredo da felicidade. Mas nas palavras do filósofo Ludwig Wittgenstein citando Santo Agostinho:“tivemos que construir caminhos tormentosos pelos quais fomos obrigados a caminhar com multiplicadas canseiras e sofrimentos, impostos aos filhos e filhas de Adão e Eva” para chegar a esta tão buscada felicidade.

Logicamente precisamos de certa quantidade de alimentos para sustentar a vida. Mas alimentos excessivos, maximizados, causam obesidade e doenças. Os países ricos maximizaram de tal maneira a oferta de meios de vida e a infra-estrutura meterial que dizimaram suas florestas (a Europa só possui 0,1% de suas florestas originais), destruíram ecossistemas e grande parte da biodiversidade, além de gestar perversas desigualdades entre ricos e pobres.

Devemos caminhar na direção de uma ética diferente, a da otimização. Ela se funda numa concepção sistêmica da natureza e da vida. Todos os sistemas vivos procuram otimizar as relações que sustentam a vida. O sistema busca um equilíbrio dinâmico, aproveitando todos os ingredientes da natureza, sem produzir lixo, otimizando a qualidade e inserindo a todos. Na esfera humana, esta otimização pressupõe o sentido de auto-limitação e a busca da justa medida. A base material sóbria e decente possibilita o desenvolvimento de algo não material que são os bens do espírito, como a solidariedade para com os mais vulneráveis, a compaixão, o amor que desfaz os mecanismos de agressividade, supera os preceitos e não permite que as diferenças sejam tratadas como desigualdades.

Talvez a crise atual do capital material, sempre limitado, nos enseje viver a partir do capital humano e espiritual, sempre ilimitado e aberto a novas expressões. Ele nos possibilita ter experiências espirituais de celebração do mistério da existência e de gratidão pelo nosso lugar no conjunto dos seres. Com isso maximizamos nossas potencialidades latentes, aquelas que guardam o segredo da plenitude, tão ansiada.

Leonardo Boff é autor de Tempo de Transcendência: o ser humano como projeto infinito, Vozes 2005.