El humor como expresión de salud psíquica y espiritual

Todos los seres vivos superiores poseen un acentuado sentido lúdico. Basta observa a los gatos y los perros de nuestras casas. Pero el humor es propio sólo de los seres humanos. El humor nunca fue considerado un tema «serio» por la reflexión teológica, aunque es sabido que se encuentra presente en todas las personas santas y místicas, que son los únicos cristianos verdaderamente serios. En la filosofía y en el psicoanálisis tuvo mejor suerte.

Humor no es sinónimo de chiste, pues puede haber chiste sin humor y humor sin chiste. El chiste es irrepetible; repetido, pierde su gracia. La historieta llena de humor conserva siempre su gracia y nos gusta oírla muchas veces.

El humor sólo puede ser entendido a partir de la profundidad del ser humano. Su característica es ser un proyecto infinito, portador de inagotables deseos, utopías, sueños y fantasías. Tal dato existencial hace que haya siempre un desajuste entre el deseo y la realidad, entre lo soñado y su concretización. Ninguna institución, religión, Estado ni ley consiguen encuadrar totalmente al ser humano, aunque para encuadrarlo exista justamente cierto tipo de orden. Pero él desborda estas determinaciones. De ahí la importancia de la violación de lo prohibido para la vivencia de la libertad y para que surjan cosas nuevas. Y esto en el arte, en la literatura y también en la religión.

Cuando nos damos cuenta de esta diferencia entre la ley y la realidad ―véase por ejemplo, la esdrújula moral católica sobre la prohibición de usar el condón en estos tiempos en que abunda el sida― surge el sentido del humor. Dan ganas de reír, pues tiene todo tan poco buen sentido y es tanto hablar en pleno desierto, ya que nadie escucha ni observa, que sólo puede provocarnos humor. Esas personas viven en la LUNA, no en la Tierra.

En el humor se vive el sentimiento de alivio del peso de las limitaciones y del placer de verlas relativas y sin la importancia que ellas mismas se dan. Por un momento, la persona se siente libre de los superegos castradores, de las imposiciones que nos exige la situación y realiza una experiencia de libertad, como una forma de plasmar su tiempo, dar sentido a lo que está haciendo y construir algo nuevo. Detrás del humor existe la creatividad, propia del ser humano. Por más limitaciones naturales y sociales que haya, siempre hay espacio para crear algo nuevo. Si no fuese así, no habría genios en la ciencia, en el arte y en el pensamiento. Inicialmente son tenidos por «locos», excéntricos, anormales.

Mucho tiempo después, una nueva mirada descubre la genialidad de un van Gogh, la creatividad fantástica de Bach, casi desapercibidas en su tiempo. Se dice de Jesús que los suyos vinieron a llevárselo, pues decían “está loco” (Mc 3,21). De San Francisco se dijo lo mismo: es un «pazzus», un loco, cosa que él aceptaba como expresión de la voluntad de Dios. Y era un santo lleno de humor y alegría hasta el punto de llamarlo «el fraile siempre alegre».

En palabras más pedestres: el humor es señal de que nos es imposible definir al ser humano dentro de un cuadro establecido. En su ser más profundo y verdadero es un creador y un ser libre.

Por eso puede sonreír y mirar con humor los sistemas que lo quieren aprisionar en categorías establecidas. Y el ridículo que constatamos en señores serios (por ejemplo, profesores, jueces, directores de escuela y hasta monseñores) que quieren, solemnemente y con aires de una autoridad superior cuasi divina, hacer a los otros ciegos y sumisos, o que obedezcan cual ovejas a sus órdenes. Eso también causa humor.

Estaba en lo cierto aquel filósofo (Th. Lersch Philosophie des Humors, Múnich 1953, 26) que escribió: «La esencia secreta del humor reside en la fuerza de la actitud religiosa, pues el humor ve las cosas humanas y divinas en su insuficiencia delante de Dios». Desde la seriedad de Dios, el ser humano sonríe de las seriedades humanas con pretensión de ser absolutamente verdaderas y serias. Son nada delante de Dios. Y existe también toda una tradición teológica que nos viene de los Padres de la Iglesia Ortodoxa que hablan del Deus Ludens (Dios lúdico), pues creó el mundo como un juego para su propio entretenimiento. Y lo hizo sabiamente, uniendo humor con seriedad.

Quien vive centrado en Dios tiene motivos para cultivar el humor. Relativiza las seriedades terrenas, hasta los propios defectos y es un ser libre de preocupaciones. Santo Thomas Moro, condenado a la guillotina, cultivó el humor hasta el final: pedía a los verdugos que le cortasen el cuello pero que no le tocasen la larga barba blanca. San Lorenzo sonría con humor a los verdugos que lo asaban en la parrilla y los invitaba a darle la vuelta porque un lado ya estaba bien cocido, o san Ignacio de Antioquia, anciano obispo de la primera Iglesia, que suplicaba a los leones que viniesen a devorarlo para pasar más rápidamente a la felicidad eterna.

Conservar esta serenidad, vivir en estado de humor y comprenderlo a partir de las insuficiencias humanas es una gracia que todos debemos buscar y pedir a Dios.

Traducción de Mª José Gavito Milano

Rites and play: things very much forgotten

In the weeks of the Soccer World Cup we are experiencing moments full of rites, celebrations and symbols. The opening ceremony was a sequence of rites and symbols linked to soccer, principally the presentation of the teams, and the singing of the national anthem. An environment of celebration filled the cities, adorning the streets and the windows of the houses.

Here we tackle the theme of rites and celebrations, whose human and social meaning not always is thought about, and often is forgotten. First, without rite there is no celebration, because a celebration moves within the symbolic world of rites and symbols. We eat and drink in a celebration not to satisfy hunger or thirst. For that, we eat at home or in a restaurant. Rather, it symbolizes the friendship and joy of the encounter and of participating together in an event such as a soccer match. Singing in a celebration is not intended as a display of music as art, but as a ritual expression of exuberance and existential relief. And how we celebrate and drink when our favorite team wins a match or the championship!

«What is a rite?» the Little Prince asked the fox who had captured him in the famous book by Antoine de Saint Exupery of the same title. And the fox responded: «it is something very much forgotten, it is what makes some days different from the others, one hour different from the others. There is a rite among those who hunt me, they go to dance with the girls of the town on Thursdays, and therefore, Thursday is a marvelous day! I can stroll up to the vineyard. If the hunters danced on just any day, all the days would be the same and I would have no rest» (p.27).

A rite is, then, what makes a celebration different from other days. But it only gains expressive strength if there is preparation and inner anticipation, as occurs before a soccer match between two famous teams. This is why the fox advises the Little Prince: «it would be better if you always came at the same time, if you would come, say, at 4 in the afternoon; at three I would already start to be happy… but if you were to come at any old time, I would never know how to prepare my heart. The rite is necessary» (p.71).

Only with the rite will there be celebration, because then everything loses its natural consistency, taking on a profoundly human symbolic value. Things lose their actuality (are useless), in order to gain their true meaning. The sound of footsteps would never scare away the fox, they are like music that portends the proximity of the Little Prince. The wheat fields do not remind him of bread (actuality) but of the golden locks of the Little Prince (meaning).

Besides in the afore mentioned events, the presence of rite is generally strong in religious celebrations (marriage, for example, or priestly ordination). The rite expresses the meaning of things better than language, which, as the fox comments, «is full of misunderstandings». Therefore a rite is particularly expressive when it comes from the depths of our beings, from our deepest archetypes, where our personal identity is found.

Every human being, including the most secular and rational, is mythical, in the sense of ritual and symbolic expression. Humans who want to express their inner selves, their joy, their sadness, their passion, or their love, do not use cold concepts, but metaphors or life stories, that are the true myths. Through them, the mystery of the personal journey of each one emerges without violating it. Rites and celebrations always demand seriousness and concentration.

Everything we speak of about rites also has much to do with play. I am not thinking of the play that has become a profession and big international business, such as soccer and others. They are more sports than acts of play. Play, as it occurs in popular environments, on an improvised site or on the beach, has no practical utility, but it carries profound meaning as an expression of the joy of being, and of having a good time together.

There is an old tradition of the two sister Churches, the Latin and the Greek, that references Deus ludens, homo ludens and even eccclesia ludens (playful God, man and church). They saw creation as a great game of a playful Divinity: God launched from one side the stars, from the other the Sun, below, the planets and, with tenderness, the Earth, at just the right distance from the Sun, so that she may have life. Creation is a kind of all embracing happiness of God, a theatrum gloriae Dei (a theater of the glory of God).

In a beautiful poem the great theologian of the Greek Orthodox Church, Saint Gregory of Nazianzus (c.330-c.390), says: «The sublime Logos plays, adorning the whole cosmos, for pure pleasure and in every way with the most varied images». In effect, play is a work of creative fantasy, as children show: it expresses a freedom without coercion, creating a world without practical end, free from profit and individual advantages. One of the finest theologians of the XX century, the brother of another eminent theologian, who was my professor in Germany, Karl Rahner, strongly recommended that «because God is vere ludens (truly playful) everyone must also be veres ludens».

These considerations show how our existence here on Earth could be serene and without anguish, especially when it is transformed by the jovial presence of God in His creation. So we do not have to be afraid. What takes away freedom is fear. The opposite of faith is not so much atheism as fear, especially fear of solitude. To have faith, more than to adhere to a series of truths, is to be happy, feeling oneself in the palm of the hand of God, and being able to live before the Divine like a child who plays with utter abandon.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.

Festeggiare è affermare la bontà della vita

Il tema della festa è un fenomeno che ha sfidato grandi nomi del pensiero come R. Caillois, J. Pieper, Harvey Cox, J. M oltmann e Nietsche stesso. È che la festa rivela quello che c’è un ancora di mitico in noi, frammezzo alla prevalenza della fredda razionalità. Quando si è giocata la Coppa, nei mesi di giugno e luglio del corrente anno 2014, han fatto irruzione grandi festeggiamenti , in tutte le classi sociali, autentiche celebrazioni. Anche dopo l’umiliante sconfitta del Brasile, nella partita contro la Germania, non sono cessate. In costa Rica, pur non essendo campioni del mondo, ci hanno fatto vedere un Calcio eccellente e perfino il presidente è sceso in piazza a festeggiare. Idem, in Colombia. La festa fa dimenticare gli insuccessi, sospende il terribile quotidiano e il tempo degli orologi. È come se, per un momento, partecipassimo all’eternità, visto che durante la festa non ci accorgiamo del tempo che passa.

La festa, in sé, è libera da interessi e finalità anche se sono previste feste per fare affari, che si trasformano spesso in bevute, mangiate e vendita di prodotti. Ma nella festa-festa, tutti stanno insieme per imparare o insegnare qualcosa gli uni algi alri, contenti di trovarsi lì, uno accanto all’altro mangiando e bevendo in amicizia e concordia. La festa riconcilia tutte le cose, e ci lascia con la saudade del paradiso delle delizie, saudade che non si è mai spenta. Platone sentenziava giustamente: “Gli dei hanno inventato le feste per riposarsi un po’ ”. La festa non è solo un giorno degli uomini, ma anche “uno dei giorni che il Signore ha fatto” , come dice il Salmo 117,24.

Effettivamente, se la vita è una camminata impegnativa, abbiamo a volte bisogno, dobbiamo fermarci per prender fiato e, confortati, seguitare.

La festa pare un regalo che ormai non dipende più da noi, e che non possiamo manipolare. Si può preparare, la festa, ma la festosità, vale a dire, lo spirito della festa, nasce spontaneo. Nessuno lo può prevedere e nemmeno produrre, assolutamente. L’unica cosa che possiamo fare è prepararci interiormente e esteririomente, e accoglierla.

Appartiene alla festa di tipo sociale, (Matrimoni, anniversari) il vestito della festa, le bellurie, la musica e perfino la danza. Da dove nasce l’allegria della festa? Nietzsche è stato quello che forse ha meglio formulato la risposta, “Per rallegrarsi di qualcosa, per poter festeggiare sul serio, è necessario dire a tutte le cose: benvenute”. Dunque per poter festeggiare sul serio, dobbiamo affermare positivamente la totalità delle cose: “Se potremo dire ‘sì’,avremo detto contemporan eamente sì’ non solo a noi stessi ma alla totalità dell’esistenza”(Der Willer zur Macht, libro IV; Zucht und Zuchtigung, n. 212).

Questo, sì, soggiace alle nostre decisioni quotidiane, sul posto di lavoro, con le nostre preoccupazioni per la famiglia, nella convivenza con i nostri colleghi di lavoro. La festa è il tempo forte in cui il senso segreto della vita è vissuto addirittura in modo inconscio. Dalla festa usciamo ancora più forti per affrontare le esigenze della vita.

In gran parte, la grandezza di una religione, cristiana o no, risiede nella sua capacità di festeggiare i suoi santi e maestri, i tempi sacri, le tappe fondamentali Nella festa cessano le interrogazioni del cuore e il praticante celebra l’allegria della sua fede con i fratelli e le sorelle che condividono le sue stesse convinzioni, ascoltano la stessa Parola sacra e si sentono vicinissimi a Dio.

Vivendo così la festa religiosa percepiamo come sia equivoco il discorso che in modo sensazionale annuncia la mote di Dio (Frohliche Wissenchaft III, aforismo 343 e 125).

Per il fatto che abbiamo smarrito la giovialità, gran parte della nostra cultura non sa festeggiare. Conosce certo gli ambienti frivoli, mangiate e bevute in eccesso, linguaggio grossolano e feste organizzate come commercio, dove c’è quasi tutto tranne allegria e giovialità.

La festa dev’essere preparata e soltanto dopo celebrata. Senza questa disposizione interiore corre il rischio di perder il suo senso alimentatore della vita dura che viviamo. Al giorno d’oggi viviamo in mezzo a feste. Ma poiché non sappiamo né prepararci e nemmno prepararle, ne usciamo vuoti o sazi, mentre il suo significato era di ricaricarci con un signficato superiore, per portare avanti la vita sempre in assetto di sfida e, per i più, travagliata.

Traduzione di Romano Baraglia

 

 

 

 

Rites and play: things very much forgotten

In the weeks of the Soccer World Cup we are experiencing moments full of rites, celebrations and symbols. The opening ceremony was a sequence of rites and symbols linked to soccer, principally the presentation of the teams, and the singing of the national anthem. An environment of celebration filled the cities, adorning the streets and the windows of the houses.

Here we tackle the theme of rites and celebrations, whose human and social meaning not always is thought about, and often is forgotten. First, without rite there is no celebration, because a celebration moves within the symbolic world of rites and symbols. We eat and drink in a celebration not to satisfy hunger or thirst. For that, we eat at home or in a restaurant. Rather, it symbolizes the friendship and joy of the encounter and of participating together in an event such as a soccer match. Singing in a celebration is not intended as a display of music as art, but as a ritual expression of exuberance and existential relief. And how we celebrate and drink when our favorite team wins a match or the championship!

«What is a rite?» the Little Prince asked the fox who had captured him in the famous book by Antoine de Saint Exupery of the same title. And the fox responded: «it is something very much forgotten, it is what makes some days different from the others, one hour different from the others. There is a rite among those who hunt me, they go to dance with the girls of the town on Thursdays, and therefore, Thursday is a marvelous day! I can stroll up to the vineyard. If the hunters danced on just any day, all the days would be the same and I would have no rest» (p.27).

A rite is, then, what makes a celebration different from other days. But it only gains expressive strength if there is preparation and inner anticipation, as occurs before a soccer match between two famous teams. This is why the fox advises the Little Prince: «it would be better if you always came at the same time, if you would come, say, at 4 in the afternoon; at three I would already start to be happy… but if you were to come at any old time, I would never know how to prepare my heart. The rite is necessary» (p.71).

Only with the rite will there be celebration, because then everything loses its natural consistency, taking on a profoundly human symbolic value. Things lose their actuality (are useless), in order to gain their true meaning. The sound of footsteps would never scare away the fox, they are like music that portends the proximity of the Little Prince. The wheat fields do not remind him of bread (actuality) but of the golden locks of the Little Prince (meaning).

Besides in the afore mentioned events, the presence of rite is generally strong in religious celebrations (marriage, for example, or priestly ordination). The rite expresses the meaning of things better than language, which, as the fox comments, «is full of misunderstandings». Therefore a rite is particularly expressive when it comes from the depths of our beings, from our deepest archetypes, where our personal identity is found.

Every human being, including the most secular and rational, is mythical, in the sense of ritual and symbolic expression. Humans who want to express their inner selves, their joy, their sadness, their passion, or their love, do not use cold concepts, but metaphors or life stories, that are the true myths. Through them, the mystery of the personal journey of each one emerges without violating it. Rites and celebrations always demand seriousness and concentration.

Everything we speak of about rites also has much to do with play. I am not thinking of the play that has become a profession and big international business, such as soccer and others. They are more sports than acts of play. Play, as it occurs in popular environments, on an improvised site or on the beach, has no practical utility, but it carries profound meaning as an expression of the joy of being, and of having a good time together.

There is an old tradition of the two sister Churches, the Latin and the Greek, that references Deus ludens, homo ludens and even eccclesia ludens (playful God, man and church). They saw creation as a great game of a playful Divinity: God launched from one side the stars, from the other the Sun, below, the planets and, with tenderness, the Earth, at just the right distance from the Sun, so that she may have life. Creation is a kind of all embracing happiness of God, a theatrum gloriae Dei (a theater of the glory of God).

In a beautiful poem the great theologian of the Greek Orthodox Church, Saint Gregory of Nazianzus (c.330-c.390), says: «The sublime Logos plays, adorning the whole cosmos, for pure pleasure and in every way with the most varied images». In effect, play is a work of creative fantasy, as children show: it expresses a freedom without coercion, creating a world without practical end, free from profit and individual advantages. One of the finest theologians of the XX century, the brother of another eminent theologian, who was my professor in Germany, Karl Rahner, strongly recommended that «because God is vere ludens (truly playful) everyone must also be veres ludens».

These considerations show how our existence here on Earth could be serene and without anguish, especially when it is transformed by the jovial presence of God in His creation. So we do not have to be afraid. What takes away freedom is fear. The opposite of faith is not so much atheism as fear, especially fear of solitude. To have faith, more than to adhere to a series of truths, is to be happy, feeling oneself in the palm of the hand of God, and being able to live before the Divine like a child who plays with utter abandon.

Free translation from the Spanish sent by
Melina Alfaro, alfaro_melina@yahoo.com.ar,
done at REFUGIO DEL RIO GRANDE, Texas, EE.UU.