Morreu o profeta do semiárido

Conheci pessoalmnte DOM JOSE RODRIGES, bispo de Juazeiro do Norte, na Bahia. No exato dia em que recebi a carta do então Cardeal Joseph Ratznger convocando-me à Inquisição Romana, comecei o retiro que preguei para os padres e leigos daquela diocese. Achei  mais importante animar aquela comunidade perseguida do que atender aos oficiais de Roma.  Só no fim, depois de uma semana, pude dizer àquele povo, minha situação de convocado. Minha situação não era nada em comparação com as perseguições que o bispo e muitos agentes de pastoral sofriam vigiados e ameaçados pela repressão militar.  Hoje, vivemos tempos invernais na Igreja. Há um vazio de verdadeiros pastores e de autênticos profetas como Dom José.  É nosso dever lembrar os pastores fiéis e os profetas destemidos  que souberam estar sempre do lado dos fracos e perseguidos. Sem temor e sem subterfúgios. Era pequeno de porte mas um gigante do espírito. Vi sua biblioteca, cheia de livros novos que lia para se atualizar na teologia, na pastoral e no trabalho  com o povo. Publico aqui o artigo de um de seus discípulos e colaboradores ROBERTO MALVEZZI, o Gogó. Em nome nosso e de tantos,  ele lhe presta uma justa homenagem. Viver como Dom José é digno. Morrer como morreu por amor aos outros é heróico, obra de um santo e lição de um profeta. Que ele lá da glória,acompanhe a Igreja em crise para que  o povo sofredor tenha ao seu lado  pastores e profetas da têmpera de Dom José Rodrigues. LBoff

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D. José José Rodrigues foi o homem certo, no lugar certo, na hora certa. Quando chegou a Juazeiro para ser bispo, a barragem de Sobradinho estava em construção. Então, ele assumiu a sorte dos relocados, depois dos pobres em geral e nunca mudou. Chegou em 1975.

Aqui era área de segurança nacional, regime militar, ACM governador, prefeitos nomeados pelo presidente da república. Não havia partidos, nem organizações populares. Então, com poucos padres e religiosas, chamou leigos para apoiar os 72 mi relocados. Assim, a diocese foi durante muito tempo o abrigo para cristãos, comunistas, ateus, qualquer um que movido pela justiça assumisse a causa do povo.

Depois enfrentou o período das longas secas. Criou pastorais populares. Fez o opção radical pelos pobres e comunidades eclesiais de base. Usava as rádios e seu poder de comunicação para defender os oprimidos pelo peso dos coronéis e do regime militar.

Quando um gerente do Banco do Brasil foi seqüestrado, ele aceitou ser trocado. Ficou sob a mira dos revólveres por dias, começando sobre a ponte que liga Juazeiro a Petrolina. Depois visitou seus seqüestradores na cadeia e ainda fez o casamento de um deles.

Abrigou na diocese toda convivência com o semiárido, muito lembrado nesses tempos de estiagem. Por isso, quando a ASA fez um de seus encontros nacionais, quis fazê-lo em Juazeiro para homenagear esse profeta do semiárido.

Costumava contar que recebeu muitos presentes quando chegou e foi reverenciado pela elite. No terceiro ano ganhou três camisas. No quinto ano ganhou de presente uma única camisa dada por uma prostituta que freqüentava a escola Senhor do Bonfim, trabalho feito junto às prostitutas da cidade.

Quando foi embora saiu com toda a mudança que trouxe: uma mala que cabia uma muda de roupas – que ele lavava todas as noites para vestir no dia seguinte – e seu livro de oração.

Na celebração de despedida afirmou na catedral: “nunca trai os pobres, nem em época de eleição”.

D. José faleceu nessa madrugada, dia 9 de Setembro, em Goiânia, comunidade redentorista de Trindade, para onde foi depois de 28 anos em Juazeiro.

Seu corpo será transladado para Juazeiro na segunda-feira, onde será enterrado. Aqui, sua memória jamais será esquecida por aqueles que com ele conviveram, sobretudo, pelos em situação de pobreza, nos corações dos quais ele reside.

 

A cosmic view of evolution gives us hope

Let us forget for a second our normal way of looking at things, and try to put our present crisis in the framework of cosmic time. Perhaps this way we can understand it better; by seeing it relatively, we can gain a better grasp of it, in a hopeful context.

The Time of the Cosmos

Let’s imagine that the more or less 13 billion year history of the universe has been condensed into a single century. Each “cosmic year” would be equivalent to 113 million Earth years.

From this point of view, the Earth was born in the year 70 of the cosmic century, and life appeared in the oceans, to our surprise, somewhere after the 73rd year. During almost two cosmic decades, life was essentially limited to single cell bacteria.

A new creative phase began in the year 93, with the appearance of sexual reproduction of living organisms. This, together with other forces, was responsible for changing the face of the planet, because it radically transformed the atmosphere, the oceans, and geology of the Earth, allowing our planet to sustain more complex forms of life. A great part of the biosphere is the creation of those microorganisms.

In this new phase, the evolutionary process accelerated rapidly. Two years later, in the year 95, the first multi-cellular organisms appeared. One year later, in the year 96, we witnessed the appearance of nervous systems, and in the year 97, the first vertebrate organisms. Mammals appeared in the middle of the year 98, that is, two months after dinosaurs and an immense variety of plants.

Five cosmic months ago, asteroids fell on the Earth, destroying many species, including the dinosaurs. However, shortly thereafter, the Earth, as if taking revenge, produced a diversity of life such as never before.

It was during this era, when flowers appeared, that our ancestors entered the evolutionary scene. Then they became bipeds (twelve cosmic days ago), and with homo habilis, they began to use tools (6 cosmic days ago), while the homo erectus conquered fire (just one cosmic day ago). Twelve cosmic hours ago, modern humans appeared (homo sapiens).

During the afternoon and night of our first cosmic day, we lived in harmony with nature, and were attentive to her rhythms and dangers. Our presence had little impact on the biological community until 40 minutes ago, when we began to domesticate plants and animals and to develop agriculture. After that, our interventions on nature intensified, and twenty minutes ago, we began to build and inhabit cities.

Only two minutes ago has our impact become really threatening. Europe transformed herself into a technological society and expanded her power through colonialist exploration. In this phase the project-world was formed, creating a center with several peripheries and a gap between the rich and the poor.

In the last twelve seconds (since 1950) the rhythm of ecological exploration and destruction has dramatically accelerated. In this brief period, we have brought down almost half of the largest jungles. In the next twenty cosmic seconds, the temperature of the Earth will rise by up to 0.5º C, and within a short time, it could rise by up to 5º C, endangering the greater part of the biosphere and millions of people. In the last five cosmic seconds, the Earth has lost an amount of soil equivalent to all the arable land of France and China, and has been inundated by dozens of thousands of new chemical products, many of which are highly toxic, and threaten the very bases of life.

We are now exterminating from 27 to 100 thousand species a year. Some scientists estimate that in the next 7 cosmic seconds, from 20 to 50 % of all species will disappear. When will this stop? And why so much devastation?

We respond: so that a small portion of Humanity can have the private or corporate enjoyment of the “benefits” of civilization. The richest 20% actually make two hundred times more than the poorest 20%. At the start of 2008, before the present economic-financial crisis, a few thousand millionaires together had more or less double the combined annual income of the poorest 50%. In terms of income, the richest 1% of humanity receives the equivalent of what the poorest 57% receives.

The Time of the Earth

Our planet, the fruit of more than four billion years of evolution, is being devoured by a small minority of humans. For the first time in the history of human evolution, such a minority, and, to a lesser degree, all of us, are causing the problems discussed above. The dangers this creates threaten our future and our way of life.

However, while we insist on the gravity of the crisis, we don’t want to project such an apocalyptic vision that it causes paralysis and desperation. Just as we created these problems, we can also solve them, although some are irreversible. This means that there is hope of satisfactorily resolving the crisis.

Those who joined the High Gathering of the Peoples this past July in Rio de Janeiro, or took part in the World Social Forums, are aware that there are thousands and thousands of conscious and creative people, all over the world, working to formulate practical alternatives that can allow humanity to live with dignity, without hurting the health of the ecosystems and of Mother Earth.

We have the information and knowledge necessary to solve the present crisis. What we need is to activate the cordial and emotional intelligence that elicits the necessary dreams, solidarity, compassion, and feelings of interdependency and universal responsibility.

It is important to recognize that the threats we face are symptoms of a chronic cultural and spiritual illness. It affects all of us, especially the 20% of us who consume the greater part of the world’s wealth. This crisis forces us to create a different paradigm of civilization, because the present one is too destructive. This is what we write about so frequently in our articles.

Times of crisis can also be times of creativity, times when new visions and new opportunities appear. The Chinese character for crisis, weiji, results from the combination of the characters for danger and opportunity. This is not a simple contradiction or paradox; the very real dangers force us to look to the deeper causes and seek alternatives, so as not to waste the opportunities.

In our culture, crisis derives from the Sanskrit word, kri, that means to purify and to reveal. Thus, it is about a very painful, but highly positive, process of purifying our vision, that functions as a crucible of our ethical-spiritual attitudes. Both meanings, the Chinese and the Sanskrit, are illuminating.

Our time

We need to revisit the sources of wisdom of humanity’s many cultures. Some are ancestral and come to us through very diverse cultural and spiritual traditions. The category of the “good living” of the Andean cultures is fundamental. Others are more modern, such as profound ecology, feminism and eco-feminism, transpersonal psychology, and the new cosmology, derived from the complex sciences, astrophysics, and the new knowledge about life and the Earth.

I end with the testimony of two noted Northamerican ecologists and educators, Joanna Macy and Molly Young Brown, who affirm: «The most extraordinary characteristic of the present historical moment of the Earth is not that we are headed towards the devastation of our planet, because we have already been doing so for a long time, but that we are starting to awaken from a millenarian dream to a new type of relationship with nature, with life, with the Earth, with the others and with ourselves. This new understanding will make possible the so much longed for Great Transformation.» (Joanna Macy and Molly Young Brown, Nossa vida como Gaia, 2004, 37). The Great Transformation will come, by the grace of evolution, and of God.

Der Korrupte: der dessen Herz zerrissen ist

Die weit verbreitete Empörung über die Korruption in Brasilien und überall auf der Welt macht Platz für Resignation und Gleichgültigkeit, denn da sie so gut wie immer ungestraft bleibt, fehlt den meisten die Zuversicht auf eine Lösung dieses Problems.

Die Theologie kann etwas zu diesem Thema beisteuern. Sie hält daran fest, dass sich die gegenwärtigen Lebensumstände der Menschen aufgrund einer korrupten Handlung zwischen Zerfall und Dekadenz befinden (Infralapsarianismus, wie es in der theologischen Fachsprache heißt). Der biblischen Erzählung zufolge ließ sich die Frau von der Schlange korrumpieren, der Mann von der Frau, und zusammen hinterließen sie uns das Erbe der Korruption über aller Korruption in dem Ausmaß, dass selbst Gott “es reute, den Menschen gemacht zu haben“ (Genesis 6,6). Wir sind die Söhne und Töchter der ersten korrupten Handlung.

Im Christentum wird alles Böse auf diese erste Korruption zurückgeführt, die als Erbsünde (peccatum originale) bezeichnet wird. Dieser Ausdruck ist dem heutigen Ohr fremd. Nur wenige benutzen ihn noch. Dennoch wage ich, ihn wiederzubeleben, denn er beinhaltet eine unleugbare Wahrheit, die durch Sartres philosophische Reflexion und sogar durch Kants philosophischen Rigorismus bestätigt wird, der besagt: „Aus so krummem Holze, als woraus der Mensch gemacht ist, kann nichts ganz Gerades gezimmert werden.“

Es ist wichtig, darauf hinzuweisen, dass dieser Begriff von der Theologie geschaffen wurde. Er findet sich nicht als solcher in der Bibel. Er wurde von Augustinus im Briefwechsel mit Hieronymus formuliert. Den Begriff „Erbsünde“ (peccatum originale) gebrauchte er als etwas, das sich auf die Vergangenheit bezieht. „Erbe“ („originale“) meinte nicht die geschichtliche Herkunft der Menschen. Augustinus bezog sich vielmehr auf die Gegenwart: Die gegenwärtige Situation des Menschen ist zutiefst verderbt und von Verzerrung gezeichnet, was bis auf die Ursprünge seiner Existenz zurückreicht (von daher Erbe /„originale“). Augustinus macht sich die etymologische Bedeutung des Wortes „korrupt“ zunutze, die darin besteht, ein Herz (cor) zu haben, das gebrochen (ruptus/rompere) ist.

Folglich tragen wir mit uns eine innere Zerrissenheit, die einem gebrochenen Herzen gleichkommt. In heutiger Sprache ausgedrückt: Wir sind dia-bolisch und sym-bolisch, wissend und schwachsinnig, fähig zur Liebe als auch zum Hass.

Dies ist die aktuelle Conditio humana. Doch aus Neugier fragte Augustinus, wann dies begann. Er gibt sich selbst die Antwort: Seit wir das menschlichen Wesen kennen, seit seinen Ursprüngen (originale). Daher leitet sich die zweite Bedeutung des Wortes „originale“ ab. Doch diese Frage ist ihm nicht wichtig. Wichtig ist, dass wir im Hier und Jetzt korrupte Wesen sind, die korrumpierbar sind und andere korrumpieren. Und dass wir an jemanden glauben, an Christus, der uns aus dieser Situation befreien kann.

Wo aber ist die Korruption am sichtbarsten? Die Antwort finden wir bei dem berühmten Katholiken Lord Acton (1843-1902): in den Machthabern. Mit Nachdruck behauptet er: „Mein Dogma ist die allgemeine Bosheit der Mächtigen; sie werden immer korrupter.“ Und von ihm stammt das viel zitierte Sprichwort: „Macht korrumpiert. Absolute Macht korrumpiert absolut.“ Doch warum ist es gerade die Macht? Das liegt daran, dass sie eine der stärksten und verführerischsten Archetypen der menschlichen Psyche ist. Sie verleiht uns ein Gefühl der Allmacht und ein kleiner „Gott“ zu sein. Hobbes bekräftigt in seinem Leviathan (1651): „Ich stelle fest, dass alle Menschen einen allgemeinen Hang zu einem ständigen und ruhelosen Verlangen nach Macht und nach immer mehr Macht haben, das erst im Tod nachlässt. Der Grund dafür liegt in der Tatsache, dass man sich der  Macht nicht sicher sein kann außer durch das Streben nach noch mehr Macht.“

Diese Macht materialisiert sich im Geld. Aus diesem Grund hat die Korruption, die wir heutzutage beobachten, mit Geld und immer mehr Geld zu tun. Es gibt einen Spruch in Ghana: „Der Mund lacht, doch Geld lacht besser.“  Der Korrupte fällt auf diese Illusion herein.

Wir haben bis heute für diese innere Wunde noch keine Heilung gefunden. Wir können nur das Ausbluten verlangsamen. Ich glaube, dass die biblische Methode letztlich gültig wirksam ist: den Korrupten aufdecken, ihn mit seiner Korruption konfrontieren und ihn einfach aus dem Paradies vertreiben, d. h. die Korrupten und die Korrumpierten aus der Gesellschaft zu entfernen und ins Gefängnis zu stecken.

Frei ins Deutsche übersetzt von Bettina Gold-Hartnack

Corrupt: the one whose heart is broken

 

The widespread indignation over corruption in Brazil and around the world is giving way to resignation and indifference, because impunity is so nearly universal that most people lack confidence that it can be resolved.

Theology has something to say about this. Theology maintains that the present human condition is degenerate and decadent (infralapsárica, as is said in theological dialect), due to a corrupt act. According to the Biblical narrative, the serpent corrupted the woman, the woman corrupted the man, and together they left us a legacy of corruption on top of corruption, to the point that even God “repented …that He had made human beings on the Earth,” as the text of Genesis, 6,6, reminds us. We are the sons and daughters of an original corrupt act.

Christianity holds that all evil derives from that original corruption, called, original sin. But this expression has become alien to the modern ear. Few people refer to it.

Still, I dare to rescue it, because it holds an undeniable truth, confirmed by Sartre’s philosophical reflection and even Kant’s philosophical strictness, according to which, «the human being is such a twisted wood that it cannot provide straight planks».

It is important to note that it is a term created by theology. It is not found as such in the Bible. It was invented by Saint Augustine, in an epistolary dialogue with Saint Jerome. He did not use the expression “original sin” as referring to the past. “Original” had nothing to do with the origins of human history. Saint Augustine referred to the present: the present situation of the human being at his most deepest level is perverse and marked by a distortion involving the very origins of his existence (from this, “original”). Augustine uses the philology of the word “corrupt”: it means to have a heart, (cor, from corazón), that is broken, (ruptus, from rompere).

We are, consequently, carriers of an internal rupture that is equivalent to a laceration of the heart. In modern terms: we are dia-bolic and sym-bolic, sapient and demented, capable of love and hate.

This is the present humaine condition. But, out of curiosity, Saint Augustine would ask, when did it begin? He himself answers: ever since we know of the human being; from the “origins” (hence the second meaning of “original”). But that question is not important to him. What is important is that in the here and now we are corrupt beings, corruptible and corrupting. And that we believe in someone, Christ, who can free us from this situation.

But where is this state of corruption most visible? The answer is given to us by the famous, catholic, Lord Acton (1843-1902): it is in those who hold power. He emphatically affirms: «my dogma is the general evil of men in power; they are the most corruptible». And he gave us the now oft-repeated saying: «power corrupts and absolute power corrupts absolutely». But just why is it power? Because it is one of the strongest and most tempting archetypes of the human psyche; it gives us a feeling of omnipotence and of being little «gods». Hobbes in his Leviathan (1651) confirms: «I note that all men have a general tendency towards a perpetual and restless desire for power and more power, that ceases only with death. The reason for this lies in the fact that power cannot be assured except by seeking still more power».

That power materializes in money. This is why the corruption that we are witnessing now always involves money and more money. There is a saying in Ghana: «the mouth laughs, but money laughs better». The corrupt one believes in that illusion.

We have not yet found a cure for this inner wound. We can only slow down the bleeding. I believe that, in the final analysis, the Biblical method has value: to unmask the corrupt one, leaving him naked to face his corruption, and a pure and simple expulsion from paradise, that is, to remove the corrupting and the corrupted from society, and throw them in jail.