Categoria: Educação

From the Ilusory “Selfish Gene” to the Cooperative Character of the Human Genome

Leonardo Boff1 comentário

Times of crisis of the system such as we are now experiencing favor a revision of concepts and a desire to project other possible worlds that would make reality what Paulo Freire called “a new viability.”

We know that the current world capitalist system is consumerist, viscerally egotistical and a predator of nature. It is leading humanity to an impasse, because it has created a double injustice: ecological, since it has devastated nature, and social, because it has generated immense social inequality. Simplifying, if only a little, we could say that humanity is divided between the minorities that eat to satiation, and those who are mal-nourished. If we were to expand the type of consumption of rich countries to all of humanity, we would need at least three Earths like the one we have.

The current system purports to find its scientific basis in the research of the British zoologist, Richard Dawkins, who thirty six years ago wrote his famous The Selfish Gene (1976). New genetic biology has shown that the selfish gene is illusory, because genes do not exist in isolation, they constitute a system of interdependencies that form the human genome, which obeys the three basic principles of biology: cooperation, communication and creativity. This is the opposite of the “selfish gene.” This is what notable names in biology, such as Nobel Laureate Barbara McClintock, Joachim Bauer, Carl Woese, and others, have shown. Bauer asserted that the selfish gene theory of Dawkins «is not founded on empirical data». Or worse, «it serves as bio-psychological justification to legitimize the individualistic and imperial Anglo-Northamerican economic order» (Das kooperative Gen, 2008, p.153).

It follows from this that if we want to find a way of living that is sustainable, and just for all peoples, those who consume the most must drastically reduce their levels of consumption. This will not be accomplished without strong cooperation, solidarity and clear self-restraint.

Let us pause on the latter, self-restraint, because it is one of the hardest to accomplish, given the prevalence of consumerism, which has spread to all social classes. Self-restraint necessarily implies limitations, so as to respect Mother Earth, to protect the collective interest and promote a culture of voluntary simplicity. It is not about not consuming, but about consuming in a restrained way, in solidarity with, and responsible to, our fellow human beings, to the entire community of life, and to future generations, that also must consume.

Restraint, moreover, is a cosmological and ecological principle. The universe developed from two forces that always limit each other: the forces of expansion and the forces of contraction. Without that internal limit, creativity would cease and we would be crushed by contraction. The same principle functions in nature. Bacteria, for example, if they were not mutually limited, and one were to lose all limits, in a very short time it would occupy all the planet, creating dis-equilibrium in the biosphere. Ecosystems guarantee their own sustainability by mutual limitation, allowing all to coexist.

Then, to emerge from the present crisis we need above all to reinforce cooperation of all with all, communication among all cultures and great creativity, to design a new paradigm of civilization. We must bid a definitive good bye to the individualism that excessively expanded the “ego” to the detriment of the “we” that includes not just human beings, but the entire community of life, the Earth and the very universe.

Del fictício gen egoísta al carácter cooperativo del genoma humano

Leonardo Boff6 Comentários

Los tiempos de crisis del sistema como los que vivimos favorecen una revisión de conceptos y el ánimo para proyectar otros mundos posibles que hagan realidad lo que Paulo Freire llamó lo “inédito viable”.

Es sabido que el sistema capitalista imperante en el mundo es consumista, visceralmente egoísta y depredador de la naturaleza. Está llevando a toda la humanidad a un impasse pues ha creado una doble injusticia: ecológica, por haber devastado la naturaleza, y social, por haber generado una inmensa desigualdad social. Simplificando, aunque no tanto, podríamos decir que la humanidad se divide entre aquellas minorías que comen hasta hartarse y aquellas minorías que se alimentan insuficientemente. Si en este momento quisiéramos universalizar el tipo de consumo de los países ricos para toda la humanidad, necesitaríamos por lo menos tres Tierras iguales a la actual.

Este sistema pretendió encontrar su base científica en la investigación del zoólogo británico Richard Dawkins que hace treinta y seis años escribió su famoso El gen egoísta (1976). La nueva biología genética ha demostrado que ese gen egoísta es fictício, porque los genes no existen aislados, constituyen un sistema de interdependencias formando el genoma humano, que obedece a tres principios básicos de la biología: la cooperación, la comunicación y la creatividad. Es, por lo tanto, lo opuesto al gen egoísta. Esto es lo que han demostrado nombres notables de la nueva biología como la premio Nobel Barbara McClintock, J. Bauer, C. Woese y otros. Bauer denunció que la teoría del gen egoísta de Dawkins «no se funda en ningún dato empírico». O peor, «sirvió de justificación biopsicológica para legitimar el orden económico anglonorteamericano» individualista e imperial (Das kooperative Gen, 2008, p.153).

De esto se deriva que si queremos conseguir un modo de vida sostenible y justo para todos los pueblos, aquellos que consumen mucho deben reducir drásticamente sus niveles de consumo. Esto no se conseguirá sin una fuerte cooperación, solidaridad y una clara autolimitación.

Detengámonos en esta última, la autolimitación, pues es una de las más difíciles de alcanzar debido al predominio del consumismo, difundido en todas las clases sociales. La autolimitación implica una renuncia necesaria para respetar a la Madre Tierra, para tutelar los intereses colectivos y para promover una cultura de la sencillez voluntaria. No se trata de no consumir, sino de consumir de forma sobria, solidaria y responsable con nuestros semejantes, con toda la comunidad de vida y con las generaciones futuras, que también deben consumir.

La limitación es, además, un principio cosmológico y ecológico. El universo se desarrolla partir de dos fuerzas que siempre se autolimitan: las fuerzas de expansión y las fuerzas de contracción. Sin ese límite interno, la creatividad cesaría y seríamos aplastados por la contracción. En la naturaleza funciona el mismo principio. Las bacterias, por ejemplo, si no se limitasen entre sí y una de ellas perdiese los límites, en muy poco tiempo ocuparían todo el planeta desequilibrando la biosfera. Los ecosistemas garantizan su sostenibilidad por la limitación de los seres entre sí, permitiendo que todos puedan coexistir.

Pues bien, para salir de la actual crisis necesitamos sobre todo reforzar la cooperación de todos con todos, la comunicación entre todas las culturas y gran creatividad para diseñar un nuevo paradigma de civilización. Hay que dar un adiós definitivo al individualismo que sobredimensionó el “ego” en detrimento del “nosotros”, que incluye no sólo a los seres humanos sino a toda la comunidad de vida, a la Tierra y al propio universo.

Leonardo Boff es autor de Preservar la Tierra-cuidar de la Vida, Record, Río de Janeiro, 2011.

Confronting the sixth massive extenction

Leonardo Boff4 Comentários

We have previously addressed the fact that the human being, in later times, has inaugurated a new geologic era –anthropoceno–, the era in which humans appear as the greatest threat to the biosphere, and the eventual exterminator of our own civilization. For a long time, biologists and cosmologists have warned that our aggressive intervention in the natural processes is greatly accelerating the sixth massive extinction of living species. It has been going on for several thousand years. These extinctions mysteriously belong to the cosmogenic process of the Earth. In the last 540 million years the Earth experienced five great massive extinctions, about one every one hundred million years, that exterminated much of life in the sea and on the Earth. The last one occurred 65 million years ago, when dinosaurs, among other species, were annihilated.

All previous extinctions were caused by forces of the Earth, and the universe itself, such as, for example, climatic convulsions, or meteor strikes. The sixth is being accelerated by humans. But for the presence of humans, one species would disappear every five years. Now, due to our industrial and consumerist aggressiveness, we have multiplied extinction one hundred thousand times, as cosmologist Brian Swimme advised us in a recent interview for EnlightenNext Magazin, nº 19. The data are alarming: Paul Ehrlich, professor of ecology at Stanford University, estimates that 250,000 species a year are exterminated, while Edward O. Wilson, of Harvard University, gives lower numbers, between 27,000 and 100,000 species per year, (R. Barbault, Ecologia general, 2011, p. 318).

Ecologist E. Goldsmith of the University of Georgia affirms that humanity, by making the world ever more impoverished, degraded, and less capable of sustaining life, has reversed the evolutionary process by 3 million years. The worst is that we do not even notice this devastating practice, nor are we prepared to evaluate the meaning of massive extinctions. It signifies nothing less than the destruction of the ecological basis of life on Earth, and the eventual interruption of our essay of civilization and perhaps even of our own species. Thomas Berry, the father of Northamerican ecology, wrote: «our ethical traditions know how to handle suicide, homicide and even genocide, but we do not know what to do about biocide and geocide» (Our Way into the Future, 1990, p. 104).

Can we slow down the sixth massive extinction, given that we are its principal cause? Yes, we can, and we must. It is a good sign that we are developing an awareness of our origins, some 13.7 billion years ago, and of our responsibility for the future of life. The universe elicits that in us, because it is not against us, but for us. But it demands our cooperation, because we are the ones causing so much damage. We must wake up now, while there is still time.

The first task is to renew the natural pact between the Earth and humanity. The Earth gives us everything we need. The pact calls on us to be caring and respectful of the Earth’s limitations. But, ingrates that we are, we repay her with machetazos, bulldozers, bombs and ecocidal and biocidal practices.

The second task is to strengthen reciprocity and mutuality: to seek a harmonious relationship with the dynamism of the eco-systems, using them rationally, restoring their vitality, and ensuring sustainability. For that, we need to re-invent ourselves as a species that is concerned for other species, and learns to live together with the entire community of life. We must be more cooperative than competitive, more caring than willing to subjugate, and we must recognize and respect the intrinsic value of each being.

The third requirement is to experience compassion, compassion as a form of love and caring, not only between human beings, but with all beings. Whether they will be able to continue living or be condemned to disappear depends on us. We must abandon the paradigm of domination that reinforces mass extinctions, and live the paradigm of caring and respect that preserves and prolongs life. In the middle of the anthropoceno, it is urgent that we inaugurate the ecozoic era, that places the ecological at the center. Only then is there hope of saving our civilization and of ensuring the continuity of our living planet.

Do ilusório Gene egoísta ao caráter cooperativo do Genoma humano

Leonardo Boff45 Comentários

Tempos de crise sistêmica como os nossos favorecem uma revisão de conceitos e a coragem para projetar outros mundos possíveis que realizem o que Paulo Freire chamava de o “inédito viável”.

É notório que o sistema capitalista imperante no mundo é consumista, visceralmente egoísta e depredador da natureza. Está levando toda a humanidade a um impasse pois criou uma dupla injustiça: a ecológica por ter devastado a natureza e outra social por ter gerado imensa desigualdade social. Simplificando, mas nem tanto, poderíamos dizer que a humanidade se divide entre aquelas minorias que comem à tripa forra e aquelas maiorias que se alimentam insuficientemente. Se agora quiséssemos universalizar o tipo de consumo dos países ricos para toda a humanidade, necessitaríamos, pelo menos, de três Terras, iguais a atual.

Este sistema pretendeu encontrar sua base científica na pesquisa do zoólogo britânico Richard Dawkins que há trinta e seis anos escreveu seu famoso O gene egoísta (1976). A nova biologia genética mostrou, entretanto, que esse gene egoísta é ilusório, pois os genes não existem isolados, mas constituem um sistema de interdependências, formando o genoma humano que obedece a três princípios básicos da biologia: a cooperação, a comunicação e a criatividade. Portanto, o contrário do gene egoísta. Isso o demonstraram nomes notáveis da nova biologia como a prêmio Nobel Barbara McClintock, J. Bauer, C. Woese e outros. Bauer denunciou que a teoria do gene egoísta de Dawkins “não se funda em nenhum dado empírico”. Pior, “serviu de correlato biopsicológico para legitimar a ordem econômica anglo-norteamericana” individualista e imperial (Das kooperative Gen, 2008, p.153).

Disto se deriva que se quisermos atingir um modo de vida sustentável e justo para todos os povos, aqueles que consomem muito devem reduzir drasticamente seus níveis de consumo. Isso não se alcançará sem forte cooperação, solidariedade e uma clara autolimitação.

Detenhamo-nos nesta última, a autolimitação, pois é uma das mais difíceis de ser alcançada devido à predominância do consumismo, difundido em todas classes sociais. A autolimitação implica numa renúncia necessária para poupar a Mãe Terra, para tutelar os interesses coletivos e para promover uma cultura da simplicidade voluntária. Não se trata de não consumir, mas de consumir de forma sóbria, solidária e responsável face aos nossos semelhantes, à toda a comunidade de vida e às gerações futuras que devem ter o direito de também consumir.

A limitação é, ademais, um princípio cosmológico e ecológico. O universo se desenvolve a partir de duas forças que sempre se auto-limitam: as forças de expansão e as forças de contração. Sem esse limite interno, a criatividade cessaria e seríamos esmagados pela contração. Na natureza funciona o mesmo princípio. As bactérias, por exemplo, se não se limitassem entre si e se uma delas perdesse os limites, em bem pouco tempo, ocuparia todo o planeta, desequilibrando a biosfera. Os ecossistemas garantem sua sustentabilidade pela limitação dos seres entre si, permitindo que todos possam coexistir.

Ora, para sairmos da atual crise precisamos mais que tudo reforçar a cooperação de todos com todos, a comunicação entre todas as culturas e grande criatividade para delinearmos um novo paradigma de civilização. Há que darmos um adeus definitivo ao individualismo que inflacionou o “ego” em detrimento do “nós” que inclui não apenas os seres humanos mas toda a comunidade de vida, a Terra e o próprio universo.

Leonardo Boff é autor de Preservar a Terra-cuidar da Vida. Como evitar o fim do mundo, Record, RJ 2011.