Ostern: der Einbruch des Unerwarteten

                                    Leonardo Boff

Christen feiern an Ostern, was es bedeutet: den Übergang. In unserem Zusammenhang ist es der Übergang von der Enttäuschung zum Ausbruch des Unerwarteten. Hier ist die Enttäuschung die Kreuzigung von Jesus von Nazareth und das Unerwartete, seine Auferstehung.

Er war jemand, der durch die Welt ging und Gutes tat. Mehr als Lehren führte er Praktiken ein, die immer mit dem Leben der Schwächsten verbunden waren: Er heilte die Blinden, reinigte die Aussätzigen, ließ die Lahmen gehen, machte viele Kranke gesund, stillte den Hunger vieler Menschen und ließ sogar die Toten auferstehen. Wir kennen sein tragisches Ende: Ein Komplott zwischen religiösen und politischen Führern führte ihn in den Tod am Kreuz.

Diejenigen, die ihm folgten, Apostel und Jünger, waren über das tragische Ende der Kreuzigung zutiefst enttäuscht. Alle, außer den Frauen, die ihm ebenfalls folgten, kehrten in ihre Häuser zurück. Sie waren enttäuscht, denn sie erwarteten von ihm die Befreiung Israels. Diese Enttäuschung zeigt sich deutlich bei den beiden Emmausjüngern, wahrscheinlich ein Ehepaar, das voller Traurigkeit unterwegs war. Jemandem, der sich auf dem Weg zu ihnen gesellte, sagten sie: “Wir hofften, dass er es sei, der Israel befreien würde, aber es sind drei Tage vergangen, seit er zum Tode verurteilt wurde” (Lk 24,21).

Die Auferstehung lag außerhalb des Horizonts seiner Anhänger. Es gab eine Gruppe in Israel, die an die Auferstehung glaubte, aber die Auferstehung am Ende der Zeit als Rückkehr zum Leben, wie es immer war, verstand.

Aber mit Jesus geschah das Unerwartete, denn in der Geschichte kann das Unerwartete und Unwahrscheinliche immer eintreten. Nur das Unwahrscheinliche und Unerwartete ist hier von anderer Natur, ein wirklich unwahrscheinliches und unerwartetes Ereignis: die Auferstehung. Es muss klar sein: Es handelt sich nicht um die Wiederbelebung eines Leichnams wie bei Lazarus. Die Auferstehung stellt eine Revolution innerhalb der Evolution dar. Das gute Ende der Menschheitsgeschichte wird vorweggenommen. Sie bedeutet den unerwarteten Einbruch des neuen Menschen, wie der heilige Paulus sagt, des “novissimus Adam”(1 Cor 15,45).

Dieses Ereignis ist in Wirklichkeit die Verwirklichung des Unerwarteten. Teilhard de Chardin, dessen Mystik sich um die Auferstehung als absolute Neuheit im Evolutionsprozess dreht, nannte sie ein “Ungeheures”, also etwas, das das ganze Universum in Bewegung setzt.

Das ist der grundlegende Glaube der Christen. Ohne die Auferstehung würden die christlichen Gemeinschaften nicht existieren. Sie würden ihre Gründung und ihr Gründungsereignis verlieren.

Schließlich sei darauf hingewiesen, dass die beiden größten Geheimnisse des christlichen Glaubens eng mit Frauen verbunden sind: die Menschwerdung des Gottessohnes durch Maria (Lk 1,35) und die Auferstehung durch Maria von Magadala (Joh 20,15). Ein Teil der Kirche, die hierarchische, die dem kulturellen Patriarchalismus verhaftet ist, hat dieser singulären Tatsache keine theologische Bedeutung beigemessen. Das ist sicherlich in Gottes Plan und sollte als etwas kulturell Innovatives begrüßt werden.

In diesen dunklen Zeiten, die vom Tod und sogar vom möglichen Aussterben der menschlichen Spezies durch eine nukleare Katastrophe geprägt sind, eröffnet uns der Glaube an die Auferstehung eine Zukunft der Hoffnung. Unser Ende ist nicht die Selbstzerstörung in einer endgültigen Tragödie, sondern die volle Verwirklichung unserer Möglichkeiten durch die Auferstehung: der Einbruch des neuen Menchen.

Frohe Ostern für alle, die glauben können, und auch für diejenigen, die nicht glauben können.

Leonardo Boff ist Theologe und hat geschrieben: Die Auferstehung Christi und unsere im Tod, Vozes 2012.

Easter: the irruption of the unexpected

                                      Leonardo Boff

Christians celebrate at Easter what it means: the passage. In our context, it is the passage from disappointment to the bursting forth of the unexpected. Here the disappointment is the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth and the unexpected, his resurrection.

He was someone who went through the world doing good. More than doctrines, he introduced practices always linked to the life of the weakest: he healed the blind, purified lepers, made the lame walk, restored health to many of the sick, satisfied the hunger of multitudes, and even resurrected the dead. We know his tragic end: a plot hatched between religious and political leaders led him to his death on the cross.

Those who followed him, apostles and disciples, were deeply frustrated by the tragic end of the crucifixion. Everyone, except the women who also followed him, began to return to their homes. They were disappointed, because they expected him to bring deliverance to Israel. Such frustration appears clearly in the two disciples at Emmaus, probably a couple who were walking along full of sadness. To someone who joined them on the way, they complain: “We were hoping that it was he who would free Israel, but three days have passed since he was condemned to death” (Luke 24:21).This companion was later revealed to be the resurrected Jesus, recognized in the way he blessed the bread, broke it and distributed it.

The resurrection was outside the horizon of his followers. There was a group in Israel that believed in the resurrection but at the end of time, the resurrection understood as a return to life as it always was is.

But with Jesus the unexpected happened, for in history the unexpected and the improbable can always occur. Only the improbable and unexpected here is of another nature, a really improbable and unexpected event: the resurrection. It must be well understood: it is not the reanimation of a corpse like Lazarus’. Resurrection represents a revolution within evolution. The good end of human history is anticipated. It signifies the unexpected irruption of the new human being, as St. Paul says, the “novissimo Adam”.

This event is really the realization of the unexpected. Teilhard de Chardin whose mystique is all centered on the resurrection as an absolute novelty within the process of evolution called it a “tremendous”, something, therefore, that stirs the whole universe.

This is the fundamental faith of Christians. Without the Resurrection the Christian communities would not exist. They would lose their founding and founding event.

Finally, it is worth mentioning that the two greatest mysteries of the Christian faith are intimately linked to women: the incarnation of the Son of God with Mary (Luke 1:35) and the resurrection with Mary of Magadala (John 20:15). Part of the Church, the hierarchical one, hostage to cultural patriarchalism, has not attributed any theological relevance to this singular fact. It is surely in God’s design and should be welcomed as something culturally innovative.

In these dark times, marked by death and even with the eventual disappearance of the human species by a nuclear cataclysm, faith in the resurrection rips us a future of hope. Our end is not self-destruction within a final tragedy but the full realization of our potentialities through resurrection: the irruption of the new man and woman.

Happy Easter to all those who can believe and also to those who cannot.

Leonardo Boff is a theologian and wrote: The resurrection of Christ and ours in death, Vozes 2012.

Easter: the irruption of the unexpected

Christians celebrate at Easter what it means: the passage. In our context, it is the passage from disappointment to the bursting forth of the unexpected. Here the disappointment is the crucifixion of Jesus of Nazareth and the unexpected, his resurrection.

He was someone who went through the world doing good. More than doctrines, he introduced practices always linked to the life of the weakest: he healed the blind, purified lepers, made the lame walk, restored health to many of the sick, satisfied the hunger of multitudes, and even resurrected the dead. We know his tragic end: a plot hatched between religious and political leaders led him to his death on the cross.

Those who followed him, apostles and disciples, were deeply frustrated by the tragic end of the crucifixion. Everyone, except the women who also followed him, began to return to their homes. They were disappointed, because they expected him to bring deliverance to Israel. Such frustration appears clearly in the two disciples at Emmaus, probably a couple who were walking along full of sadness. To someone who joined them on the way, they complain: “We were hoping that it was he who would free Israel, but three days have passed since he was condemned to death” (Luke 24:21).This companion was later revealed to be the resurrected Jesus, recognized in the way he blessed the bread, broke it and distributed it.

The resurrection was outside the horizon of his followers. There was a group in Israel that believed in the resurrection but at the end of time, the resurrection understood as a return to life as it always was is.

But with Jesus the unexpected happened, for in history the unexpected and the improbable can always occur. Only the improbable and unexpected here is of another nature, a really improbable and unexpected event: the resurrection. It must be well understood: it is not the reanimation of a corpse like Lazarus’. Resurrection represents a revolution within evolution. The good end of human history is anticipated. It signifies the unexpected irruption of the new human being, as St. Paul says, the “novissimo Adam”.

This event is really the realization of the unexpected. Teilhard de Chardin whose mystique is all centered on the resurrection as an absolute novelty within the process of evolution called it a “tremendous”, something, therefore, that stirs the whole universe.

This is the fundamental faith of Christians. Without the Resurrection the Christian communities would not exist. They would lose their founding and founding event.

Finally, it is worth mentioning that the two greatest mysteries of the Christian faith are intimately linked to women: the incarnation of the Son of God with Mary (Luke 1:35) and the resurrection with Mary of Magadala (John 20:15). Part of the Church, the hierarchical one, hostage to cultural patriarchalism, has not attributed any theological relevance to this singular fact. It is surely in God’s design and should be welcomed as something culturally innovative.

In these dark times, marked by death and even with the eventual disappearance of the human species by a nuclear cataclysm, faith in the resurrection rips us a future of hope. Our end is not self-destruction within a final tragedy but the full realization of our potentialities through resurrection: the irruption of the new man and woman.

Happy Easter to all those who can believe and also to those who cannot.

Leonardo Boff is a theologian and wrote: The resurrection of Christ and ours in death, Vozes 2012.

       Páscoa: a irrupção do inesperado

Leonardo Boff

Os cristãos celebram na Páscoa aquilo que ela significa: a passagem. No nosso contexto, é a passagem da decepção para a irrupção do inesperado. Aqui a decepção é a crucificação de Jesus de Nazaré e o inesperado, sua ressurreição.

Ele foi alguém que passou pelo mundo fazendo o bem. Mais que doutrinas introduziu práticas sempre ligadas à vida dos mais fracos: curava cegos, purificava hansenianos, fazia andar coxos, devolvia à saúde a muitos doentes, matava a fome de multidões e até ressuscitava mortos. Conhecemos seu fim trágico: uma trama urdida entre religiosos e políticos o levaram à morte na cruz.

Os que o seguiam, apóstolos e discípulos, com o fim trágico  da crucificação ficaram profundamente frustrados. Todos,menos as mulheres que também o  seguiam,  começaram a voltar para suas casas. Decepcionados, pois esperavam que trouxe a libertação de Israel. Tal frustração aparece claramente nos dois discípulos de Emaús, provavelmente, um casal que caminhavam cheios de tristeza. A alguém que se uniu a eles no caminho dizem lamuriosos:”Nós esperávamos que fosse ele quem iria libertar Israel,mas já passaram três dias que o condenaram à morte”(Lucas 24,21).Esse companheiro, se revelou depois, como sendo Jesus ressuscitado, reconhecido na forma como benzeu o pão, o partiu e distribuiu.

A ressurreição estava fora do horizonte de seus seguidores. Havia um grupo em Israel que acreditavam na ressurreição mas no final dos tempos, a ressurreição entendida como uma volta à vida como sempre foi é.

Mas com Jesus aconteceu o inesperado, pois na história sempre pode ocorrer o inesperado e o improvável. Só que o inesperado aqui são de outra natureza,um evento realmente improvável e inesperado: a ressurreição. Ela deve ser bem entendida: não se trata da reanimação de um cadáver como o de Lázaro. Ressurreição representa uma revolução dentro da evolução. O fim bom da história humana se antecipa. Ela significa o inesperado da irrupção do ser humano novo, como diz São Paulo, do “novíssimo Adão”.

Este evento é realmente a concretização do inesperado. Teilhard de Chardin cuja mística é toda centrada na ressurreição como uma absoluta novidade dentro do processo da evolução a chamava de um “tremendous”, de algo, portanto, que mexe com todo o universo.

Essa é a fé fundamental dos cristãos. Sem a ressurreição não existiriam as comunidades cristãs. Perderiam seu evento fundador e fundante.

Por fim, cabe ressaltar que os dois mistérios maiores da fé cristã estão intimamente ligadas à mulher: a encarnação do Filho de Deus com Maria (Lucas 1,35) e a ressurreição com Maria de Mágadala (João 20,15). Parte da Igreja, a hierárquica, refém do patriarcalismo cultural, não atribuiu a este fato singular nenhuma relevância teológica. Ela seguramente está  nos desígnio de Deus e deveria ser acolhido como algo culturalmente inovador.

Nestes tempos sombrios, marcados pela morte e até com o eventual desaparecimento da espécie humana, a fé na ressurreição nos rasga um futuro de esperança. Nosso fim não é a autodestruição dentro de uma tragédia mas a plena realização de nossas potencialidades pela ressurreição, a irrupção do homem e da mulher novos.

Feliz Páscoa a todos os que conseguem crer e também a quem não o consegue.

Leonardo  Boff é teólogo e escreveu: A ressurreição de Cristo e a nossa na morte, Vozes 1982.